Wallie: For the recurrent expenditure to reduce certain unpopular steps need to be taken, which most reasonable people will agree with.

Yes!

Ilaje44:

That's very wrong. A balanced budget is one where your earnings equal your spending. A budget that is not balance need to be balanced, and there are several ways to achieve that e.g. Borrowing or selling off Governments assets. When you earn more than you spend, then we talk of Budget surplus.

Correct.

slydog:
We need budgets where at least 65percent is spent on capital project.

We should not expect any magic from the 2014 budget in terms of capital projects.

Capital projects will get N1.1 trillion in 2014 budget while the remaining N3.7 trillion will be used for recurrent expenditure - to pay the salaries and running expenses of about 2% of the population.

4 Play: I find the disingenuous posturing here laughable. The simple truth is that cutting recurrent expenditure will require huge cuts in the public sector headcount/pay and in fuel subsidies none of which is popular with those bemoaning the high recurrent spending ratio. Remember that the fuel subsidy spending is not even reflected in the ratio so our recurrent spending is even higher than is acknowledged.

There is a lot of mealy mouthed talk of cutting corruption and waste. Of course, these objectives are inherently good, however, in the context of the debate make little sense to me.

But does it mean we are helpless? Is government stuck?

Okonjo-Iweala put it this way:

She said: “Do we want to get to a stage when virtually all the monies and resources we earn are being used to pay salaries and allowances for public servants, who make up a minute percentage of the country’s population?


“If we do, it means that government workers will take up the entire budget of the country with nothing left for roads, water, education and others.”

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/no-money-to-meet-asuus-demands-says-okonjo-iweala/

gboss4sure: Who compares a Government responsible for just a state with a Government responsible with 36 states in all areas. Kwanso or whatever his name is should just shut de crap up

You obviously commented without following the thread from the beginning.

This thread is divisive. It's needless.

Let's focus on issues and achievements of the government.

Iolo:

I think GEJ just needs to do something drastic. Make some publically appealing moves like selling off his private and slashing his aides, then do something drastic like remove fuel subsidy. They country will burn but only till when people begin to feel the impact of the +900billion injected to our capital budget.

If Jonathan does some drastic things like you've mentioned and then removes fuel subsidy, many people that went to Ojota would not even mind.

How about making solemn promises to use the savings from subsidy removal to build specific projects in all the geo-political regions (e.g. 4th Mainland Bridge, Second Niger Bridge etc) and saying that people must hold him personally accountable for the promises?

Would someone like Obasanjo have had the 'liver' to write such letters if Jonathan had been courageously and selflessly shaking up the system while making clear sacrifices?

nellycobs: What is the rubbish about his capital project that includes match making of widows and widowers to produce almajaris. Akwaibom did 30:70 and the projects can be seen. Failed governors looking for who to blame.

What's the proof that the capital budget includes match making of widows?

There's no government in Nigeria (LGAs, states and the FG) that can't save more money from its recurrent expenditure. The level of waste is unbelievable!

The Akwa Ibom government you mentioned is where the Governor gives people millions for Mr Biggs lunch and assembled 9,999 choristers for carol! Let's be honest, is that not an overkill?

taharqa: Let me just say that d 72% Recurrent figure proposed for this yr is troubling and personali disappointing, esp as it is a very unwelcome reversal of this Govt's yearly reduction of d Recurrent from 77.1% in 2010 when it came in to 68% this yr. I wud hv loved to discuss furda but can't type more at d moment; wud just enjoy u guys disagree and hopefully agree at sm points ie Debate.....

I salute you for this objectivity.

I strongly believe that the government can do more for the people of Nigeria with the same level of revenue but it must be business unusual.

Sincere 9gerian:
Nobody is giving excuses. Everyone, including the minister of finance wants the capital component of the federal budget to increase and even surpase the recurrent. That is the ideal. But the reality on ground is that it is very difficult to achieve this at the federal level based on the current structure of the federation and constitution.

Yes the FG takes 52% of the federation account but based on the constitutional functions of the FG, it has huge personnel to take care of and huge overhead that go with it. For instance, the security component of the federal budget alone, which constitutes about 20-25% of the entire federal budget is over 80% recurrent. Same with the sector that takes the next biggest chunk of the federal budget- education.

The states on the other hand, going by the constitution, have fewer personnel to take care of and as such fewer recurrent expenditure.

Going forward, the solution lies in re-structuring the country so that we can, as a nation, generate more revenue. We are simply not generating enough revenue at the moment. If we boost the revenue base of the country, the capital component of the budget will automatically go up. N4 or 5 trillion budget (or N10 trillion for the 3 tiers of govt) is just to small for a country of 170 million. Ghana with a population of about 20 million people has a budget of over N1 trillion. South Africa with population far lesser than ours has a budget of over N60 trillion. US with about 200 million people has a budget of over N600 trillion.

So bottomline, we need to grow our revenue. You cannot sack people with the high unemployment rate in the country. And the resource control and true federalism is the starting point of boosting the revenue base of the country. Until we do that, we have not even started.

In addition to growing our revenue base, other measures that will help include:
1. Using biometrics to weed out ghost workers. This the govt is already doing.
2. Reforms. Eg the privatisation of PHCN, privatisation of Refineries, concessioning of some federal govt facilities,etc
3. Merging of some agencies. The Orosanya committee was meant to achieve this. However, the report should be implemented, even if not fully.
4. Use of technology and systems to block as much leakages as possible

However, in the midst of too much politics and in the current politically charged atmosphere, I wonder how much the govt can really do in this direction.

I think that all things considered, your views here are balanced.

However, there are more things the government can do to make more money available for development.

If you move round the country, outside the offices, you will pity Nigerians. People are suffering!

The type of budget we are running cannot develop Nigeria even if you make an angel the President of Nigeria and President Jonathan must urgently do something about it IF he wants to develop the country or even start the process.

It was brilliant of him to compose the Oronsaye Committee which later produced a report of about 800 pages and stated that the cost of governance in Nigeria was among the highest in the world!

What's happening to the implementation of that report?

I admit that government is reportedly making some progress with respect to ghost workers but that's like scratching the surface. What we need is a bold overhaul of the entire system.

Goddex:

The bolded refers, truth is, no govt makes such bold reforms in its first term. Opposition will use propaganda to bring you down eventhough noble and no President wants that. That is why a few of the reforms during OBJ were all done in his second term.

Are you admitting that the propaganda machine of opposition is more effective than that of the Federal Government?

You said 'a few of the reforms during OBJ were all done in his second term'. Does it mean he did most in his first term? This would contradict what you're trying to say.

By the way, privatization, monetization and banking reforms started in OBJ's first term. I think the demolition in Abuja also started then. Amosun is demolishing houses in Ogun state too and he's in his first term.

A decisive government will do what has to be done. Simple.

The majority will support Jonathan once they can SEE that his reforms are for the common good.

President Jonathan was massively popular as at the time he won the election with his party having an overwhelming majority in the National Assembly. I don't think he fully tapped into those strengths to effect major transformational changes in the system.

Goddex:

Take the issue of fuel subsidy removal last year when a crowd of Lagosians trooped out to occupy Ojota due largely to inciting propaganda from opposition. No govt will plunge itself into labour crisis and mass revolt barely a year to the next election. Have you asked yourself why Fashola did not ban Okada in his first term?

More than half of the people at Ojota went there to protest not because of mere subsidy removal but because government was also insensitive in terms of its own expenditure. People were outraged to hear about the details of the budget to the extent that mechanics were quoting figures.

People were asking 'what sacrifice has this government that wants us to make sacrifice made'?

Even now, what sacrifice has the government made?

Can't the Jonathan government do anything about its own expenditure, eg jets?

Fasola restricted the working hours of okada in his first term and carried people along before restricting them from major roads. He was careful not to ban them outrightly.

The average Lagosian saw no sense in okadas playing highways and so what Fasola did was really a no brainer which people generally accepted because they were highly informed.

Who in his right senses would oppose a Jonathan government that wants to reduce the cost of governance after carrying people along and making its own sacrifice? Even the opposition would be disgraced if they try to frustrate him. But is he also ready?

And pls reduce your font size.

OAM4J:

Well done! You have made brilliant contributions to this topic. And I cannot agree with you less that this subject is not about parties in power both at Federal level or State level. There is definitely no way any Government (PDP or APC) can perform with just just about 28% of its budget for capital expenditure. Three things need to be urgently addressed:

1. From the income perspective, Government needs to deal with the corruption, the rot and all the leakages with our sources of income. I believe we are not getting halve of what we are truly earning.

2. The cost of running Nigeria government is far too expensive. Rather than government cutting down its cost what I see are increments here and there, or they cut it in the left and increase it on the right. We can do away with many of the government luxuries and unneeded political advisers for a start.

3. Even if the Government doesn't want to sack staff, merging many of the agencies doing exactly the same or similar jobs will still save us a lot of money.

Thanks.

And where is the person saying people have not been making suggestions? These are suggestions here o.

By the way, it's not compulsory for the people to make suggestions. The leadership of the country is voluntary and is not for the faint-hearted.

The social contract is for the government to protect lives and properties and ensure the welfare of the people.

awodman: Does Kwankwaso have the Military,Police, SSS and other security agencies under his payroll?

Does kwankwaso pay for fuel subsidy?

How many university teachers,Polytechnic teachers and research institutes are under Kano govt payroll?

These are mere excuses. Someone could also reverse the argument and ask if Kano earns as much as the FG?

The question is: are we stuck with an unhealthy 72% in favour of recurrent expenditure? Are you defending this? Is the government helpless?

The truth is that no government (whether or not Jonathan is the one there; or whether it is PDP or APC) can develop the country with this kind of budget. There's no magic wand.

If this kind of budget continues, millions of Nigeria will continue to rightly blame the government for non-performance.

Nigerians are suffering and poverty and unemployment levels are unacceptable and scandalous.

Something has to give! What's the transformational government of Jonathan doing to change the status quo and shake up the system?

since_1914: Even government agencies that are capable of funding part of their own expenditures will fold their hands and wait for Ministry of Finance to fund them. Take the case of Nigerian Embassies for instance, how much do they remit back to the Federation account from the Visas fees and other levies that are being collected.

If I were the President, I will insist that most of these MDAs finance at least 15 to 20 percent of their own budgets. The minister needs to assist some of these agencies to become profitable; an agency like the National Bureau for Statistic for instance has the capacity to raise a part of its budget by commercializing its data.

You've raised very good points.

So many of the MDAs are not even remitting funds. It's not clear what a number of them that are known to be cash cows are doing with the money.

This is a shocking excerpt:

At least, 11 of the agencies have been declaring losses every year and, therefore, have not been remitting anything to the CRF. They included agencies widely known by the public as veritable cash cows for the federal government.  For the past three years, notably, high-flying, huge revenue generators like the NNPC, Customs Service, BPE, NIMASA, NERC, FAAN, Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS) and Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC) have not paid a kobo into the CRF. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), rather than pay its operating surplus to the CRF as listed by law, has been sending it to the Federation Account.
Other government agencies on FRC’s list that have not been sending anything in are the National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASEI), Nigerian Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF), National Sugar Development Council (NSDC), Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEB) and National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA).

Some other bodies, not complying entirely with the FRA, have been remitting their operating surpluses epileptically. They include the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), which, claiming autonomy, says it operates a budget approved by its governing board, and didn’t remit any surplus in 2009. It did pay in N31 billion in 2010 and N64.12 billion the following year, though.

The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) remitted N2.89 billion in 2009 but has since been defaulting. The FRC 2011 report emphasised that “buoyant agencies such as SEC and NPA have declared operating profit only once or twice in four years.” Indeed, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), is a fellow traveller with the NPA, remitting only once, in 2009, the sum of N1.92 billion.
The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) also paid in N80 million and N255.43 million in 2009 and 2010 respectively, but didn’t remit any amount in 2011, as did the Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST), which also remitted N34.45 million and N109.15 million in 2009 and 2010 respectively but was absent on the compliance roll the following year.
Other two-time payees on the FRC list are the Nigerian Shippers Council (NSC), which remitted N52.05 million and N74 million in 2009 and 2010; and the National Automotive Council (NAC), which sent in N44.92 million and N17.31 million, also for those two years.

The report noted that “virtually all the corporations indulged in creative accounting by inflating their costs and, thereby, reducing their operating profit.” Moreover, the government agencies wily run two accounting practices; one, the accrual accounting and the other, cash basis. They then craftily apply the cash basis accounting which reports loss or low profit to determine their operating profit figures that they submit to the CRF and FRC.

Chairman of the House of Representatives committee on Services, Hon. Yakubu Doghara recently, in an interview with this publication, accused the Executive of annually spending far beyond what it tells Nigerian in the Appropriation Act. Doghara said that the President Goodluck Jonathan administration might be spending up to N12 trillion every year, dipping its hand into undeclared revenues earned by rich key agencies like the NNPC, NPA and NIMASA.    

http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php/top-stories/14674-nnpc-npa-nimasa-others-not-remitting-surplus-internally-generated-revenue

Kingspin: The headline is laughble. To me, it look like a personify beef. Is a party?.

I agree that the headline 'get as e be' and is capable of turning this useful topic into a political fight.

But is there any patriotic Nigerian that's not concerned about the issues at stake?

The bitter truth is that the Jonathan government will never perform if the recurrent expenditure remains at this level.

Iolo:

I should have said that cutting staff strength is the only way to significantly reduce recurrent expenses. Its not the only way like you've said but no other option would give you anything more than 100 billion savings at best.

Since 2006, a lot of things have changed. We now have an armed forces and police that gulp approx 1 trillion naira yearly. Our civil service has gained some weight as we also have more agencies.

Cutting staff is always a touchy issue for governments but its the best means to reducing recurrent expenditure. This is why companies in financial trouble tend to cutdown staff before doing anything else. But with a government you have the trade unions and NLC that would fight any moves to sack workers. To make matters worse, in Nigeria it almost seems like a birthright for civil servants to retain their positions till they die. We have that mentality that Government has enough miney to go round so the civil service is a piece of the national cake for the common man.

A transformational government will leave no stone unturned to change the status quo.

We would not be discussing this if we wanted to sustain or defend the status quo which everyone knows is crippling and cannot deliver development.

For example, Sanusi Lamido once made the following statements:


“At the moment 70 per cent of Federal Government’s revenue goes for payment of salaries and entitlement of civil servants, leaving 30 per cent for development of 167 million Nigerians. That means that for every naira government earns, 70 kobo   is consumed by civil servants."

Is this not scary? What's government's plan to address this bad case?

What's government doing to reduce the expenditure on the National Assembly? A transformational government would engage the key actors and try to bring down the costs. But is the government also showing good examples in its own expenditure profile and tolerance for corruption?

revolt: one of the hardest things to do is attempting to sack a civil servant, Cos they're statutorily backed up the only solution is to remove the most tasking sectors from government hand ie deregulation and what happened in nitel will simply take place. okonjo tried some of these and people went to occupy ojota. Nigerians are myopic bunch, that shoots themselves in the foot. demagogues sway them cheaply

What has happened to the Oronsaye Committee report?

Why was the Committee set up if the report would be left to gather dust?

http://www.punchng.com/news/oronsaye-report-fg-may-scrap-220-agencies-others/

Why is government finding it difficult to restructure for efficiency?

The Oronsaye report stated that the average cost of governance in Nigeria is believed to rank among the highest in the world.

Oronsaye said: ``For example, there are 541 Government Parastatals, Commissions and Agencies (statutory and non-statutory).

``Going by the recommendations of the Committee, the figure of statutory agencies is being proposed for reduction to 161 from the current figure of 263.

http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/76-hot-topic/36052-oronsaye-committee-recommends-abolition-of-32-fg-agencies-merger-of-53-others

Do you know the extent to which people are suffering in Nigeria?

By the way, what did Okonjo-Iweala do that made people occupy Ojota?

Also, where did you get the impression that civil servants can't be sacked?

Goddex: Hahahaha. . . so, suddenly Kwakwanso, Wamakko and other PDP renegades are now the toast of APC media? Fools, hypocritical Propagandists. Back to the point anyway

1) State govt's are much smaller units with much less workforce and responsibility than FG. Apart from the huge civil service, just check out the huge military and paramilitary personnel (Army, Civil Defence, Navy, Police, Airforce, Customs, Immigration etc)

2) Not only Kwakwanso, almost all states have budget ratios tilted in favour of Capital.

3) Somebody just compared it with 2006 but forgot that a major upward review of minimum wage of close to 200% was done in 2011 and therefore the recurrent vs capital percentages cannot remain the same again

4) It will take a while to stabilise again. I remember last year after the fuel price hike, inflation rose upto 16% but now it has dropped low to a single digit of 7%

5) This govt parades some of the best Economists in the land. It's funny a times when some of you mumus who know nothing about the workings of govt come here to display your ignorance

6) Besides, some of you came out here supporting a pay rise for ASUU even when we all know our Universities lecturers are already living large. You did that just to sabotage the GEJ but forgot to know that you can never eat your cake and have.

At first I wanted to ignore your post because of its arrogance. Why would you label people posting here as 'mumus' who don't know the workings of the government? Do you know them?

The most knowledgeable people don't write off others or make condescending remarks about them.

Now to the topic.

All the points you made will be cancelled by this words from none less than Vice President Namadi Sambo. Hear him:


"The recurrent expenditures will be trimmed further from 71.5 per cent in 2012, to about 68.7 per cent in the 2013 budget, while the capital vote is expected to increase to 31.3 per cent from 28.5 per cent in 2012."

http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/well-reduce-recurrent-expenditure-to-68-7-sambo/

What's your comment on this? Why is the ratio worsening? You claimed minimum wage was effected in 2011 but Sambo made his remarks after then!

Where is the effect of the reduction in fuel subsidy payments on recurrent expenditure?

You also mentioned minimum wage. Didn't states implement the minimum wage?

You mentioned inflation rate. Did the inflation rate affect only the FG? It's good anyway that you said the rate later stabilized.

There's no point politicizing this topic. Nigeria belongs to all regardless of political party divide. It's pointless to label people with dissenting views as haters, opposition or enemies.

In Okonjo-Iweala's own words:

She said: “When I left the administration last time (2006), we left a recurrent expenditure level of about 66 per cent, which was even considered to be too high back then. However, upon my second coming this year, I was surprised to find that recurrent expenditure in the budget has risen to more than 74 per cent. This is unacceptable.”

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/we-must-cut-recurrent-budget-okonjo-iweala-insists/

This says a lot about the way this government spends money and controls recurrent expenditure.

Iolo: The only way to balance the National budget is to reduce recurrent expenditure. Obviously you know the Government would have to sack staff to accomplish this.

Budgets are balanced by the realities on ground.

Sacking of staff is not the only way to reduce recurrent expenditure.

In any case, why can't unproductive people be sacked? Why can't ghost workers and ghost pensioners be fished out?

A budget that funds recurrent expenditure to the tune of 72% can never develop Nigeria. This unacceptable lopsidedness is one of the reasons people are not feeling the impact of the FG. What can 28% achieve? How can a budget of 72% in recurrent expenditure create jobs?

As at 2006, recurrent expenditure was 66% of the budget and this level was even considered too high then.


Again, this is not Okonjo-Iweala's promise. She did tell us that government was resolved to reduce recurrent expenditure. What's happening!

https://www.nairaland.com/821355/must-cut-recurrent-budget-okonjo-iweala

@op, the recurrent expenditure in the budget is 72% and not 78%.

http://www.punchng.com/news/okonjo-iweala-presents-n4-6tr-budget-to-national-assembly/

^^You've not made any sense! You've not even demonstrated an understanding of what is being discussed.

The only person that has talked carelessly and senselessly here is your poor and miserable self.

What's wrong with your head is worse than the sickness with Jonathan's impromptu speeches.

Your conduct is indeed shameful!

What a country.

I said his handlers should advise him to limit the number or length of his impromptu speeches and you're here saying nonsense! What's bad in my opinion? Show it or keep quiet for ever.

The way President Jonathan carries on with his speeches should be embarassing to his 'real' friends and all independent-minded, patriotic Nigerians.

And he DID NOT keep it short!

He seems not to know his failing and the fact that he sweats too profusely with words!

He said, “As we celebrate Christmas, we call you to prayer for peace not just for yourself or the nation but also for the world.

“We should pray for agents of war, bloodletting and hostilities. Let us pray that God will restrain the powers of evil.

“How many Nigerians can Togo, Dahomey, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia absolve as refugees? It is important for Nigerians to ensure peace reigns here because we have nowhere to go. God has given us the best of places, it is in our interest to maintain it.

“I charge you to work for peace. We must be grateful to God by living responsibly, not conducting ourselves as if nothing can happen.

“Do not join anybody to cause trouble or confusion because you may be the recipient and there is no where to go. Some of you don’t even have international passports. But those who are instigating you have bank accounts and houses abroad. They will run there and come back when things have settled down. You may not be alive then.

“Do not join evil doers, it is not part of Christmas. Refugees are not the best set of people. Don’t make yourself a refugee.”

I don't know why our President (Mr Goodluck Jonathan, PhD) struggles with speeches and labours to communicate.

What exactly is the problem? The pains with clear delivery is so obvious and embarassing!


“When Christ was born, the Jews were told that God was giving them a King, a saviour, these are the key words."

“Today because we are used to reading the Bible, immediately you hear of the word ‘saviour,’ you will think about Christ and the characteristics of Christ.

“The Jews were being dominated by the Romans, it was like when we were under the colonial master, the Romans were governing them so they were in captive and you tell them that we are getting a king that will deliver you, we are getting a saviour, they were thinking they were getting somebody who will come and lead them to war and throw away all these Romans for them to be free.

“But when Christ was born, I believe a number of the Jews were disappointed, the war they expected was not his own style. I think it is only in one place that Christ was quoted as carrying the cane and flogged people in the synagogue where people were trading and doing all kinds of things that are not expected in the House of God.

“So today, we have similar situation. The expectations of the society are hadly met by leaders.”

Other excerpts...

“In terms of Nigeria if we have crisis, the Primate was asking if Ghana or Sierra Leone could accommodate us.

“I was just laughing because even now Nigerians in these countries, the people are not even comfortable, we don’t have crisis but from Cameroon to Senegal, Nigerians are everywhere that the countries if not  for political and diplomatic reasons they would have even asked some of them to leave.

“Then assuming we have crisis, what would be the state, where will you go? Is it the Atlantic Ocean? So I urge you to continue to pray."

Someone should please tell Mr Jonathan to stop talking extempore. He's simply unable to stitch his thoughts together to deliver a coherent, clear, and inspiring speech.

The rambling from an ex-lecturer is exasperating.

See excerpts from the church service:

"For us at this time especially we the politicians that we think we own this country and begin to think about next election and doing what we ought not to do, making statement we ought not to make, writing letters we suppose not to write."

“For those who know about terrorism, country that are infested with terror will hardly get out of it. If you look a country like Pakistan, we even go to Pakistan to train our soldiers, in some parts of Pakistan as we are talking now, they appear to be no government. So this country could have been worst."

Pukkah: Lack-lustre reply from a fidgety, uninspiring godson to an overbearing, over-rated, 'messiahnic', and meddlesome godfather.

The difference between father and son is like that between the deaf and the dumb.

The father is deaf - he's hard of hearing and takes no advice and blew so many opportunities to make his country great.

The son is dumb - he hears, but takes no action. The other meaning of 'dumbness' also applies here and so may also end up blowing all the opportunities to make his country great.

The country itself is blind - they find it hard to 'see' there's hardly any difference between the two - both father and son are disabled.

The blindness of the country is unrivalled and so may never take advantage of the several opportunities to make itself great.

Another salvo from a lukewarm, incoherent godson to his estranged, intrusive godfather.

The display of ignorance on this thread is amazing.

Jonathan was not poisoned!

Those talking about APC, Obasanjo, Amaechi, enemies should be ashamed of themselves.

The funny thing is that even after this clarification, more people will still come here to exhibit their ignorance.

ba7man: This pedophile/ pervert should get lost jooor.

Did you read the piece at all?

kel4soft: Biafra is dead and buried. There is no way, Rivers, Akwa Ibom, Delta, Edo, Bayelsa and Cross River will accept to merge into the SouthEast to one country.

The present Edo state was not part of Biafra.

"According to investigations (see
part of the Nigerian
Amalgamation correspondence
by Fredrick Lugard), the
amalgamation was meant to last
for only 100 years, after which
Nigerians will renegotiate their
coexistence"

Please is there an evidence for the part quoted above?

WHIZBRO: If you are rich, you won't care. Pray to baba God to bless your hustle.

What's the definition of being 'rich' to the extent that you won't need the 'divisibility' function of lower bills?

The richest countries of the world still have lower bills.