A quark (pron.: /ˈkwɔrk/ or /ˈkwɑrk/) is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei.[1] Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, such as baryons (of which protons and neutrons are examples), and mesons.[2][3] For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of the hadrons themselves.

There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.[4] Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. The heavier quarks rapidly change into up and down quarks through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Because of this, up and down quarks are generally stable and the most common in the universe, whereas strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and in particle accelerators).

Quarks have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, color charge, mass, and spin. Quarks are the only elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces (electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction), as well as the only known particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge. For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark, that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964.[5] Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.[6][7] All six flavors of quark have since been observed in accelerator experiments; the top quark, first observed at Fermilab in 1995, was the last to be discovered.[5]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

Color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the physics phenomenon that color charged particles (such as quarks) cannot be isolated singularly, and therefore cannot be directly observed.[1] Quarks, by default, clump together to form groups, or hadrons. The two types of hadrons are the mesons (one quark, one antiquark) and the baryons (three quarks). The constituent quarks in a group cannot be separated from their parent hadron, and this is why quarks can never be studied or observed in any more direct way than at a hadron level.[2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement

Sisi_Kill: Guess the goal here is to tell the lie often enough hoping people start believing it.

A system that has worked successfully over the centuries.. why not

I dont know how you are able to measure economic growth with all you have listed.clearly shows nothing is happening.Social engineering is the most critical in the present day Nigeria.tell us about unemployment figures, industries,production,export.

lagerwhenindoubt: All these hard-earned achievements has been upturned by the recent spate of Insecurity incidents, Internal Political Strife, Religious Conflicts and Terrorism, Rising Unemployment, Kidnappings etc.. Fitch is looking to revise their ratings, abi you have not heard

LOL...heard what? Fitch and S&P hv both raisd d nations ratings twice in d 2yrs unda GEJ at d very time they were downgrading top economics like US, EU, Japan. The even said that they may consider raising d rating again if d SWF starts operatns, if d PIB is passd and when d Power privatisatn programme concludes. Before GEJ, Fitch had decreasd d nation's rating....

ifihearam: MAJOR ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE JONATHAN ADMINISTRATION

The Economy

Improvement in Economic Indices - In October 2011 International Ratings agency, Fitch Ratings revised the country’s Outlook upwards from Negative to Stable.

Standard and Poor’s another internationally respected and independent ratings agency, revised Nigeria's ratings from stable to Positive.

Signing into law the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Bill 2010 (Local Content Bill) which has increased Local Content in the Oil and Gas sector.

Ø As a direct result of that law Royal Dutch Shell awarded a N7.8 billion ($49.9 million) contract to a Nigerian firm, S.C.C Limited, for the manufacture of high pressure line pipes that would otherwise have been awarded to a foreign firm.

Ø As a result of this law, Exxon Mobil awarded an off shore platform contract to a local firm, NigerDockNig. PLC that would otherwise have been awarded to a foreign firm.

Initiating the Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF). A seed capital of $1 billion was provided to kick start the fund as well as establish three sub funds- the Nigeria Infrastructure Fund; the Future Generations Fund and the Stabilization Fund which will be the pillars of the SWF.

Launched the Youth Enterprise with innovation in Nigeria (YOUWIN) initiative on the 11th October 2011 which is the administration's job creation centre piece.

Ø On Thursday April 12, 2012, 1,200 Nigerian youths emerged winners of the competition following a transparent process. Each winner receives a business start up grant of between 1 to 10 million Naira.

Foreign exchange reserves rose to $37.02bn by May 14, 2012, the highest level in 21 months.

On March 29th, 2011, The UK Government in London described Nigeria as the fourth fastest growing economy in the world.

On February 13 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan launched the Public Works Women and Youth Empowerment Programme, an intervention programme designed to employ 370,000 youths in the year 2012 with 30% of those jobs being reserved for women.

The Federal Government under President Jonathan has secured investment commitments worth 4.89 Trillion Naira.

Launched the NigComSat-1Rsatellite which will help expand Internet Bandwidth, monitor the weather and provide early warning to prevent natural disasters like floods, crop monitoring and urban planning. It has the attendant benefit of reducing the over $1 billion spent in purchasing Internet Bandwidth from abroad.

Nigeria’s banking industry rescued and stabilized by the establishment of the Asset Management Company of Nigeria (AMCON) in the year 2010.

MasterCard made Nigeria its regional headquarters for its West/East and Indian Ocean islands zone raising the profile of Nigeria’s e-commerce industry.

Nigeria’s GDP grew by a record 8.29% during the last quarter of 2010 and by over 7% in 2011. In the first quarter of 2012 Nigeria had verifiably become the fourth fastest growing economy in the world as recently attested to by several multilateral bodies and trading partners.

Revival of the Textile industry via the 150 billion Naira Textile Industry Bailout. As a result the United Nigerian Textile Limited was reactivated amongst others and 2000 employees re-engaged.

Non oil exports from 2010 (standing at $2.3 Billion) and subsequent years are ten times what they were in 2000 (which were $200 Million) as a direct result of this administration’s intervention in the Textile Industry and Real Sector.

@ the bolded and you forgot to say that the it is now $44 billion

Insecurity incidents, Internal Political Strife, Religious Conflicts and Terrorism, Rising Unemployment, Kidnappings etc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda

Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed towards influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes.

As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political, religious or commercial agenda. Propaganda can be used as a form of ideological warfare.

While the term propaganda has justifiably acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples (e.g. Nazi Propaganda used to justify the Holocaust), propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to law enforcement, among others.

Bullshit (also bullcrap) is a common English expletive which may be shortened to the euphemism bull or the initialism BS. In British English, "bollocks" is a comparable expletive, although bullshit is commonly used in British English. It is a slang profanity term meaning "nonsense", especially in a rebuking response to communication or actions viewed as deceiving, misleading, disingenuous or false. As with many expletives, the term can be used as an interjection or as many other parts of speech, and can carry a wide variety of meanings.

It can be used either as a noun or as a verb. While the word is generally used in a deprecating sense, it may imply a measure of respect for language skills, or frivolity, among various other benign usages. In philosophy, Harry Frankfurt, among others, analyzed the concept of bullshit as related to but distinct from lying.

Outside of the philosophical and discursive studies, the everyday phrase bullshit conveys a measure of dissatisfaction with something or someone, but does not generally describe any role of truth in the matter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshit

Achievements that i read on newspapers - hopefully by 2076 it will translate to reality

olas2u: I dont know how you are able to measure economic growth with all you have listed.clearly shows nothing is happening.Social engineering is the most critical in the present day Nigeria.tell us about unemployment figures, industries,production,export.

Actuali according to 2 bodies NBS and World Bank, Poverty and Unemployment rates hv DECREASED slightly bw 2010 and 2012; whilst MAN says Capacity Utilization of Industries increasd in 2011, just as 400 new industries came on stream. Will find d figures on Export soon...

truth4meal: seriously can we just put this "major" achievements of GEJ in variance with that of Buhari in less than two years - maybe major achievements will have a proper meaning because so far these listed "achievements" is nothing but crumbs.

your insensitivity is stunning and your denial just plain foolish!! You call nigeria becoming thae second largest economy in africa crumbs? You want to compare an almost 7% growth rate to "war against indiscipline"? In the last few years nigeria has produced the richest black man and women and some of the richest individuals on the continet because of how dynamic and freew our economy is now. You want to compare that with the communist state buhari dreamth for nigeria. It's either you're ignorant to what you said or you're just plain dumb. One is offended.

Today nigeria is the second largest economy on the african continet enjoying nearly 7% growth rate, something western nations will kill for, and we're projected to be the largest by 2025 if current power supply efforts are achieved. Hillary clinton has hinted that preliminary considerations are being made for nigeria's admission into the G20. Nigeria has one of the fastest rising middle class in africa with car sales going through the roof, extra expenses on luxuries like malls,cinema,parks and many others are rising fast prompting more companies to troop in. Procurement of condo's and properties are at an all time high. You can bash jonathan as you like cause you're entitled to your own opinion but not your own fact, and these are the facts!!!!!

If seemingly two steps forward and authenticated ten steps backward is what you call major economic achievement.Give it up for GEJ.

olas2u: I dont know how you are able to measure economic growth with all you have listed.clearly shows nothing is happening.Social engineering is the most critical in the present day Nigeria.tell us about unemployment figures, industries,production,export.

My brother in terms of unemployment,the ggovernment does not provide employment basically for her citizens,its the job of the private sector via favourable policies from the government and that this government has done.

tomakint:
@ the bolded and you forgot to say that the it is now $44 billion

Remarkable growth I must say.

goodmike7:

Who is buhari? A name of a dog or terrorist?

You seriously lack home training i wonder wether you are even educated,if indeed you are educated then you are the product of failed educational system in nigeria

Rock star games propaganda

blacksta: Achievements that i read on newspapers - hopefully by 2076 it will translate to reality

Before the end of this tenure most of these achievements will be a reality then the second tenure will cement it.

ifihearam:

My brother in terms of unemployment,the ggovernment does not provide employment basically for her citizens,its the job of the private sector via favourable policies from the government and that this government has done.

..and you forgot to add that this is by far the most friendly administration towards the private sector, no matter what haters must hate

Toktee: You seriously lack home training i wonder wether you are even educated,if indeed you are educated then you are the product of failed educational system in nigeria

You see your lifewhen it gets to raining insults and curses on GEJ,you are comfortable with it,when its pastors you are okay but now that's buhari,the founder of boko haram,you come to his defence. I can imagine your moral upbringing....

tomakint:
..and you forgot to add that this is by far the most friendly administration towards the private sector, no matter what haters must hate

My brother most friendly is an understatement.

Symphony007: your insensitivity is stunning and your denial just plain foolish!! You call nigeria becoming thae second largest economy in africa crumbs? You want to compare an almost 7% growth rate to "war against indiscipline"? In the last few years nigeria has produced the richest black man and women and some of the richest individuals on the continet because of how dynamic and freew our economy is now. You want to compare that with the communist state buhari dreamth for nigeria. It's either you're ignorant to what you said or you're just plain dumb. One is offended.

Yes indeed! we have produced the richest Farooks, Otedolas & Diezani Allison Madueke in the last few years & with the widening gap between the rich and the poor; I believe thats what you mean by 7%!

J12: Have the anti-gej crew not seen this thread?

And whch side are you,pro johnadull?

ifihearam:

My brother most friendly is an understatement.

perhaps freest no doubt

is this thread the new nairaland playground?

Kamanda: This Ify guy and his other 40laptop goats should organise an event at any market place in Nigeria and present these as achievement to the people.

Or they can take the campaign to their various villages

Kamanda: This Ify guy and his other 40laptop goats should organise an event at any market place in Nigeria and present these as achievement to the people.

guy you badt gaan! So you wan send dem for suicide mission

No achievement.

What has his administration done to create jobs, alleviate poverty, tackle corruption, improve infrastructure, etc. This man is a complete failure!

ifihearam:

Mugu

Meaning?

ifihearam:

You are a cow

And what are a chimp?

All these ACN and CPC people make small shame just make una contest just one of d figures d @OP and odas presentd, in stead of engaging in meaningless frivolous talks. Just a little shame...