₦airaland Forum

jornie:
Evidence suggest that the Big Bang actually happened...
if you care to know,you can read up www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/cosmos/bb_evid

jornie:
According to the Big Bang Cosmology,it has boundaries,if it has no boundary the Big Bang Theory would make no sense ...

the ball/balloon comparison is just an analogy

jornie:
according to the Big Bang Cosmology,it has boundaries...

micodon:
In simple terms, I dont know. But lemme say this: I don't think our Universe is like a ball that has boundaries... Or an object that can be felt. I always refer to the term "Universe" as a concept rather than an object. Our brain should understand it as a grouping in space of heavenly bodies, galaxies, planets and so on. How far reaching this grouping is, we don't know

jornie:
Yh... it is,although something led to it

let me ask u a question first, how far reaching is our universe?

jornie:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

tartar9:
very wrong

3rdlegxxx:
I just wonder if we left science to the Africa better still Nigeria, would we have come this far? would we have been curious about stars. planets, the universe, because the average Nigeria only believes, he can't think or rather is too scared to create or imagine anything outside religion, thank goodness for those who put religion aside and go out to satisfy their curiosity so as to have us fully understand how we came about, where we are on the map of the world what we are capable of doing if we open our minds to science, curiosity, observations and more, it's looks scary but beautiful and earth is one small part of it and our country is even a smaller part of it and we, well as someone said we are smaller than dots, but we have learnt to connect the dots together to give us these and then we actually have other universes; at this point, i give up, i thought the universe was infinite and endless and now they are other universe just like ours, what and who could be living there? there is so much to know

jornie:
other universes,each keep expanding and getting bigger .. it's a multiuniverse system

lekums:
Hello,

I need a developer for full time employment. The person would be able to use wordpress and Magento.
Ability to use Drupal and Joomla is an advantage but not required.
Also ability to do graphics is an added advantage but not required.
Ability to write basic HTML, CSS and PHP is also an advantage but also not required as this could be learnt on the job.

Office location is Ikeja and salary is fairly attractive.

PM me or drop your contact details here if you quality and if interested.

talk2hb1:
Its very easy to build a framework, but its not easy maintaining it.
You spend better part of time fixing bugs, patching securities, etc.

maekhel:
Am trying to pass data from a model to be used to populate a select menu in my user registration form. What is the easy way to achieve this?

Raylight2:
$username = stripslashes($username);
$password = stripslashes($password);
$username = mysql_real_escape_string($username);
$password = mysql_real_escape_string($password);

knight1ng:
first and foremost i will like to thank webmonitor for his piece about our host "www.cedarhostng.com"

now here is my reply for you

1.we said our price are affordable with a price tag of N3500/Yr with unlimited features what webmonitor fail to understand is offering unlimited features means a clients account is not restricted to the number of database,email account creation and lots more... now some host restrict you to 1or 2emails 20bandwidth 5database and so on now kindly ask mr web monitor is it a crime to give people true value that they deserve without restrictions?

2.we Dare web monitor to mention the company name that'sour provider and will prove him wrong that they offer unlimited features mr web monitor why do you seek to destroy a good company name because you havent for once asked us questions to explain to you if you dont understand the basis of our host services.

3.mr webmonitor of nairaland talked about 500+ script you should know that scripts are in softaculous and other like u said but besides that there are other scripts that can be provided if not in softaculous n others

4.247support we offer means you can interact on any of our available channels bbm etc for immediate response even while u working on your site alot of people can testify to that whom have hosted with us.

5.upgrade/downgrade mr web monitor since you have no idea means whether u are a reseller or otherwise e.g if you buy 30gb and want to upgrade to 50gb plan u only pay the the balance and we upgrade ur account frm 30gb to 50gb likewise if you downgrading we also provide such feature for our resellers

6.Our Server is US Based

7.we reward anyone who refer a client to us thats what is meant by affiliate mr webmonitor of nairaland have you ever refer anyone to us? so your claim are baseless if you refer and we didnt reward you then you can be bold enough to say its not true on nairaland but u have never used our services nor refer anyone.

8.what we mean by resellers can maximize profit means that when you sign up as a reseller you are entitled to split your disk size into chunks and give it your pricing

Finally mr web monitor i want to sincerely thank you for your hardwork/post on nairaland we have alot of your kind of person on nairaland who are just after discrediting a business/company without ever testing their service

you do not just post without concrete backing because mr webmonitor as never used our service he has no knowledge of how our hosting service works

trying to rub a company face in mud will do you no good.test a service before you conclude

fellow nairalanders becareful of people like web monitor who are purely attention seekers and underneath they have their hidden motives. use a service first then if its unrealistic your voice will be heard.

we say thank you to all our existing clients who has been with us for years and have never complained about our service.

Olumyco:
I can get u. Is like this is becoming more interesting and seriously I am really gaining. Thumbs up Micodon, dhtml18

I will like to react further on the issue of Compiler and Interpreter. Also Categories of Languages. I think where the problem still lies is the machine code issue/storage issue and will like to dwell much on them.

To me I can say We have the following Structure;

-Interpreter

-JIT/AOT Compiler

-Conventional Compiler

INTERPRETER
As for Interpreter it interprets/parses/converts the source code/intermediate code to machine code without storing it. That is why each time the code is run, it converts it again to machine code. The machine code are never stored anywhere on the system.


"I want to add this to the meaning of Compilation. Compilation significantly differs from interpretation or converting in the sense that when compilation is done machine codes are stored in a file or in memory. When interpretation is done machine codes are never stored. Interpreters just read the code line by line and parse it converting it to machine code but never store it.


JIT COMPILER
JIT Compiler compiles source code or intermediate code (like bytecode, MSIL) to machine code and store it in memory. That is it "cache" it. I believe we understand "Cache". In Computer Storage Technology, one of the least rudimentary computer storage is Cache. JIT does not only do compilation but also interpret the source code/intermediate code at runtime at first run to at least third run of the code.
In operation, JIT Compiler interprets the source code/intermediate code and at thesame time compiles the code. After two or three runs, JIT Compilers no longer interprets, it just straight away run the code in the machine code already cached.

Conventional Compilers
These Compilers compile all the source code/intermediate code and store them in a file on the system.
For example:
For C Language:
When you code in C you save as .c extension like app.c
When you give this file "app.c" to a C - Compiler it first create a file called app.o
Then it begins to read your codes and compiles them storing them into app.o
Note: Your .o extension means Object File.
Now that the compiler has stored the machine code (like x86 cpu code) into app.o then it can then run the code directly from app.o
About .exe files, a "linker" is used to connect the object file containing the machine code (app.o) with the .exe file like app.exe for execution.

For Java Language:
When you code in Java, you save as .java extension like app.java
When Java Compiler like "javac" the most used handles the app.java, it first create a file of .class extension like app.class
Then it reads the code and compiles it to byte-code by storing the byte-code inside app.class file.
The work of "javac" in Java Development Kit (JDK) ends as soon as it compiles Java Source Code to byte-code and stores them inside app.class.
Then Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in Java Runtime Environment (JRE) takes it from the point at which the Compiler stop and run the byte-code by interpreting/parsing/converting it to machine code just as explained above under Interpreters.
Therefore, app.class containing byte-code is run directly by JVM Interpreter.
Simply put, In Java Programming two things happen.
1. Java Source Code is compiled to byte-code
2. Byte-code is interpreted at runtime.

@ Micodon this is the area I was expecting you to hit when I asked you under which category will you classify Java and C#, because the two of them compiles to an intermediate code by storing them in a file system and also interprets the intermediate language. So when one talks about compiled languages the duo can fit in. When you talk about interpreted languages the duo too fit in.

The cunning way of JIT compilers comes in here as it also compiles and interprets. And the difference is clear that JIT stores in memory while conventional compilers stores inside a file system. Also, JIT storage technique is not done once like conventional complilers. JIT stores procedurally by getting the functions that is run and compile them to machine code. Just as Micodon said which is the basic principle behind JIT compiler, 'it is used to optimize the performance of interpreters, so that when the code is run more than once it can optimize it for the subsequent runs.
"Anyway at your discretion"

To be on the safer side, I believe we can say;
Compiled languages, Interpreted languages and Hybrid Languages (Compiled and Interpreted)

Finally, just as I have said any language can be compiled or interpreted. Anybody can work on JavaScript Programming to do compilation by storing in a file system. One can develop a compiler that will create a file to store machine code and run the JavaScript code directly from the file containing the cpu code. But without that for now our JIT/AOT Compilers have helped solved the issue of slow - slow.

Observation: JIT Compiler does not compile only byte-code. Like V8 Engine, its JIT Compiler compiles directly to machine code. JVM JITs, Rhino etc are the once I know that do that.

Thanks.

dhtml18:
Corecta! and JIT compilers stands for Just-In-time Compilers.
And to quote someone on stackoverflow:

A JIT compiler runs after the program has started and compiles the code (usually bytecode or some kind of VM instructions) on the fly (or just-in-time, as it's called) into a form that's usually faster, typically the host CPU's native instruction set. A JIT has access to dynamic runtime information whereas a standard compiler doesn't and can make better optimizations like inlining functions that are used frequently.

This is in contrast to a traditional compiler that compiles all the code to machine language before the program is first run.

To paraphrase, conventional compilers build the whole program as an EXE file BEFORE the first time you run it. For newer style programs, an assembly is generated with pseudocode (p-code). Only AFTER you execute the program on the OS (e.g., by double-clicking on its icon) will the (JIT) compiler kick in and generate machine code (m-code) that the Intel-based processor or whatever will understand.
Source: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/95635/what-does-a-just-in-time-jit-compiler-do

Olumyco:
Thanks for the response. Very Informative.
But I disagree with u on d following statements.

1. That all programming Languages compile to machine code at one point or the other.

2. That JIT Compiler interprets machine code.

3. That we av just Two categories of lang (Interpreted & Compiled).

.......... ................ .................
In today's programming I want you to know that any language can be compiled or Interpreted. Your compiler / interpreter dictates dis. Anyway by default specification by d creator of d language he may choose to implement the language by interpretation or compilation. But that does not stop anyone from building his own compiler or interpreter for the language. It may interest u to know dat C++ can compile to JavaScript. Infact there is even a compiler for it. U can check it out. Interpreter too can be developed for any language. Rhino compiles JavaScript to byte code which is then interpreted just as Java/JVM.

See, Programming World is so dynamic and sometimes might b confusing especially with choice of of words (Terminologies).

Now it seems I will av to clarify what is meant by compilation and Interpretation.
Compilation simply involves translation or changing of one code to another code. You can change a source code to machine code (Bit) or to byte code or to another's programming language source code.

Interpretation simply involves parsing of code without changing the code to another code or to machine code. You can parse (interpret) source code, byte code, threaded code but not machine code. Why would u need to parse a language that itself is the machine language? No.
Mind u I still agree that the source code is converted to machine language . That is, interpreted to machine code. But to put it beta I want to say an Interpreter reads/parses d instruction and then call native machine code to actualize the instructions. That is, it talks to the native machine code to execute the instruction (source code). It is Neva transformed.

Back to those statements
1. It is wrong to put it that way. If I don't compile the source code to machine lang wit a compiler, then hw can I av it in native code? Interpreter parses or d so called converts source code to machine code.
"to compile" is different from "to convert". Pls note.

2. JIT Compilers do not interpret machine code. Hw can u interpret native CPU code?
I agree that it does interpret but dat is still source code. JIT at runtime for the first time interprets the source code as a normal interpreter and at the same time compiles the functions of the code to native machine code. After 2, 3 , 4 times d compiler begins to run the functions from d already stored CPU code. You already said dis but note dat compiled code is different from interpreted code.

3. If u say we av Compiled Languages and Interpreted Languages, under which language would u classify Java and C#?
Also on d issue of JIT Compilers, are they Compilers or Interpreters?
I do not dispute d fact dat they are embedded inside Interpreters but based on how they operate are dey compilers or interpreters. Infact anything can b put inside an interpreter/compiler.

Ur answers to these questions should help maintain a balance on d contending subject.

Thanks

Olumyco:
JavaScript again! JavaScript again! The most misunderstood, very subtle programming language in d World.
As for Scripting lang. Micodon u r correct but alot av changed with hw JavaScript is implemented today.
For ur info JavaScript is now being compiled at runtime with a principle known as Just-In-Time(JIT) Compilation. Most JavaScript Engines in our browsers, servers and so on now do JIT Compilation. That is, JavaScript codes are compiled to native machine codes at runtime.
We av different JavaScript Engine - V8, Rhino, Spidermonkey, SquirrelFish Extreme (SFX), Chakra etc.

V8 JavaScript Engine
This engine runs inside Chrome browser, Nodejs. It does JIT Compilation. It executes JavaScript code by compiling it to native machine code at runtime. This is d reason why it is very fast and ur Google Chrome is rated high as d fastest browser though can be challenged by Safari which run SFX.

Rhino
Rhino runs in Rhino Shell and also used for server - side JavaScript. This Engine first compiles to bytecode an intermediate code just like Java Virtual Machine (JVM) after which d JIT part of d engine execute d bytecode by compiling it native machine code at runtime.

Spidermonkey
This which came from thesame source as Rhino, Mozilla also does JIT compilation. Same as Rhino. It runs inside Firefox browser, Adobe softwares etc.

SquirelFish Extreme (marketed as Nitro, formerly JavaScriptCore)
It runs in Safari and Apple products. It does JIT Compilation. It compiles JavaScript code to native machine code at runtime.

It all continues like that.......... you can research more on JIT Compilers. That is where life is now. Even Java, .net Framework lang etc av woken up to JIT compilation issue. JIT Compilation helps programming lang to still maintain that 'Java Paradigm' Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA)
Pls don't forget to implement ur Programming Language based on JIT Compilation if u eventually develop one.
Thanks.

Nickzom:
I agree with you mehn but you still do not understand what I am saying.
I am saying that JavaScript is not meant to be used to just help make a website dynamic but it can also be used in the development of intense softwares and web applications. That's all I am saying. I am not saying it is not a script. We all know it is a script. It is even on the name javaSCRIPT.

Nickzom:
I understand you brother! But you must know this. When JavaScript was created it was created to be a script language but as of now it can be used to perform way more function than a script. For instance during its creation no one thought for ones it could be used to code up a relational database but now you can effectively make use of JavaScript to do that.
This is just one instance there are so many new features embedded into JavaScript every now and then.
Hope you understand brother

maekhel:
So?

Nickzom:
When I learnt JavaScript back in 2013, Everybody were telling me it is just a script language - client sided and cannot be used to write heavy applications.

Guess what I proved all of them wrong and I am kinda rocking on it in building all my web applications. I built my website from scratch and believe me my website is totally a HEAVY application. Instead of using java to create applets to integrate into my php. I used JavaScript all through.

Not only did it make my web application more effective and reliable, it made it super fast.

My web application does calculations and shows the steps in a very unique way.

Thanks to JavaScript, I thought you programmers should know.

You can see my work at www.nickzom.com

Have a nice day!

Nickzom:
When I learnt JavaScript back in 2013, Everybody were telling me it is just a script language - client sided and cannot be used to write heavy applications.

Guess what I proved all of them wrong and I am kinda rocking on it in building all my web applications. I built my website from scratch and believe me my website is totally a HEAVY application. Instead of using java to create applets to integrate into my php. I used JavaScript all through.

Not only did it make my web application more effective and reliable, it made it super fast.

My web application does calculations and shows the steps in a very unique way.

Thanks to JavaScript, I thought you programmers should know.

You can see my work at www.nickzom.com

Have a nice day!

Adesege:
Yah! Buh it's yet to be removed. So it can still be used. Just that he will be having cross platform issues