kmariko:

Ask yourself why can't the Igbo's simply have their origin where they are currently living. Start with that premise and expand your research.

Yes trying to connect your people to other's people great civilization is a bit lame. But the situation is also more complex than this too. The story of Africa is truly the story of migrations (within Africa of course).

I've discussed the origin of Igbo people in this thread (mainly using linguistic but also confirmed by genetic and archaeological knowledge):

Early History Of The Niger-congo Speakers (Igbo, Yoruba, Fulani, Mande, Etc):
https://www.nairaland.com/1573374/early-history-niger-congo-speakers-igbo

Rossikk:


Africans couldn't afford that ''continuity with the past'', and did not enjoy that social/geographic stability that would allow them integrate knowledge into future developments. From at least 600 AD up till as recently as the 19th century, African communities have been in flux, in constant movement and migration, fleeing everything from desertification and foreign invaders, to local rival settlers seeking water and arable soil. Check their oral histories... what characterises EVERY ONE OF THEM is stories of migration. It was this lack of stability what led to the loss of writing and sturdy architectural construction etc... What point of all that when you could be forced to flee the next week?

It's true that the history of Africa is a history of migrations, but those migrations were usually done in continuity with the past too. This is discussed in the book "The African Frontier - The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies" by Kopytoff. Usually the traditions of new migrants were mixed with the traditions of previous people with a preponderance on the tradition of new migrants. For example, the deity of the river of the previous people (or what came to be known as the deity of the river/water) was incorporated into the important divinities of the new migrants. The main languages becoming the language of the new migrants. The spread of iron is an example of new knowledge fully integrated into local culture in continuity with the past.

Kanoro:


Most Sub-Saharan Africans acquired their knowledge of gunpowder from Europeans. It was the North Africans who gained it from Arabs

Technically, it doesn't matter from who we acquire any knowledge beside to satisfy our historical curiosity.

Europeans didn't invent writing or gunpowder but made "good" (in a technical sense) use of those.

They have been able to integrate those knowledge into their own cultures (which are various in Europe) and even moving those knowledge forward. This capacity of integrating foreign knowledge into their culture, always in continuity with the past, is a mark of any progressive society.

Anything around you in our society isn't invented by yourself. It's always about how you integrate those knowledge into our own culture which is important. I don't think I'm mistaken when I say Scandinavian people didn't invent electricity, gun powder, democracy and even writing. Same for Japanese or South Koreans. But now Scandinavian people are on the foreground of R& D, technological development and quality of life. It must be noted those people integrated those knowledge into their own culture. For example, Scandinavian, Japanese, South Korans, a well as most people in the world, integrated those knowledge into their own culture and languages (they go to school into their own languages) and that way made it their own. More effort should be made in African country to use our own languages as language of instructions which involve translating school books into local languages for example. This is what I call the democratization of knowledge (it's also supported by Unesco and local research see http://www.casas.co.za/ for example). It's simple as it just needs translators to translate books and new language policy to teach our children into our own languages (learning English as second language of course).

Europeans didn't invent writing or gunpowder but made "good", in a technical sense, use of those by integrating them into their own cultures, always in continuity with the past. Same thing for Japanese, Chinese, Americans, South Koreans, Scandinavians and the various Europeans nations in general.

It is a great shame for the Nigerian military and intelligence service that the situation with the Boko Haram criminals is still on going.

Countries like the USA, China and Russia are big countries with a lot of people and their intelligence services have the whole country under surveillance for terrorists plot (arm cache, large groups of criminals). Such relatively large groups of armed bandits would quickly get arrested or killed. We're talking about agencies such as FBI, KGB, local police/detective units, etc.

People like you and me, fathers, mothers, children and individuals are losing their life due to the negligence in capacitating intelligence and military services in Nigeria. Hopefully, in the future people and politicians are more aware of the importance of military, policing and intelligence services to promote peace and security.

MetaPhysical:
^^^
AmunRaOlodumare,

I do not dispute that. The OP took hint and changed the heading to align correctly with Obenga's study.

The modified heading is appropriate for the work.

Unless, you now agree with me, you must dispute something a little bit in my reply to you since I shown you how it's perfectly possible to compare an ancient language like Ancient Egyptian with various modern African languages like Yoruba, that is, since they share (according to Obenga) a common parent ancestral language between each others (much before the foundation of the Ancient Egyptian state). The same way you can compare Zulu with Yoruba.

The current OP title is not correct either if I consider Obenga's work since he considers the geographical homeland of the proto-Egypto-African Common Stock language from which Yoruba and Ancient Egyptian descends from to be in Sudan, not Egypt. So to align the title with Obenga's work it should be Sudan not Egypt. Even then, as any linguistic homeland, even according to Obenga, this is only an approximation. It's more fair to say it is around the Sudanese region in Northeastern Africa.

Both of course.

All kinds of body and face can be beautiful.

MetaPhysical:

You compare ancient tongue of one with ancient tongue of another if the purpose is to find commonality.

You can also compare tongue of different people who share a common ancient tongue. That's what Obenga's does.

For example, you can compare Zulu, Wolof and Yoruba between each others because they share a common proto-Niger-Kordofanian ancestor language even if Yoruba is not a descendant language of Zulu or Wolof or vice-versa. They all share a common parent language called proto-Niger-Kordofanian. This is common knowledge among linguists.

According to Obenga, it is the same with the Ancient Egyptian languages and modern African languages. While Ancient Egyptians is NOT the ancient language spoken by Zulu, Wolof or Yoruba, all those languages, including Ancient Egyptians, share a common parent language called proto-Egypto-African Common Stock language by Obenga. That language was spoken a long time ago beyond 10 000BC (but after the OOA migrations), near the Sudan/Egypt/Ethiopian region.

As mentioned above this also has support with genetics as the great majority of African people (like Yoruba, Somali, Wolof, Zulu, Karrayyu, Niger-Kordofanian, Cushitic and Chadic speakers) share a common paternal grandfather: E-P2(pn2) as well as various MtDNA grandmothers. This proto-Egypto-African language may be the language spoken by this E-P2 common ancestor and his people a long time ago. The languages became distinct when our ancestors migrated in different direction after their common origin (of the greater part of their genome) in Northeastern Africa. That is at a time period well BEFORE the foundation of the Ancient Egyptian state. The Ancient Egyptian language would be also a descendant of the language spoken by this common E-P2 ancestor, the proto-Egypto-African Common Stock language. That's why, for example, you can find similar words in various modern African languages family spoken today (as well as in Ancient Egyptians). They are not descendant of one another but share a common parent.

--

^^That's not true. Before colonialism in Africa, people were interacting, trading, intermarrying with each others, using multilingualism and lingua franca.

Many African empire were composed of various ethnic groups. Multilingualism and the use of lingua franca is how people were interacting with their neighbors.

In Europe, and around the world, English is used as a lingua franca, not as the main language of instructions. That's a big difference. In fact, I would dare say this cultural continuity with the past is the secret of the development of every nations (China, Japan, Germany, Sweden, South Korea, France, England, Malaysia, etc). Only us poor colonized country don't use our own languages as language of instructions.

paranorman:

lets say 'm looked at randomization from the mathematical point of view.
Wel, i am no biologist but i think we humans are the cause of the mutations, most times, unintentionally/ignorantly.
If u'r an expert in these things, you can explain more.

Mutations are not caused by humans. Every humans are born with them (60-100 mutations). They are the motor of evolution in the sense that we would still look like homo habilis if it weren't' from genetic mutations. In fact, in a more abstract way, we would still be some fish-like entity in the primordial waters if it weren't from mutations. Of course, the mechanism of evolution and genetic mutations, as well as the mechanism for the Big Bang and planets formations, could be designed by god.

paranorman:
Me love science, but science has got its own limitations. Anything thats deosnt have a emprical base/empirically proven is not yet factual. But i believe in a creator. Everything in this world is so ordered, way past the logic of randomization. Even randomization is not random..!

A creator is certainly possible but I'm not sure the world is so ordered.

Just consider stillborn babies, babies born with deformities, genetic diseases. If you know a bit about science and genetics. You will know those horrible sickness are related to "random" mutations in the human genome, which when added together in a specific way may causes some baby to be born dead for example or with deformities. Each human is born with about 60-100 of such mutations not transmitted to them by their parents (so in a way we are more than just the combination of our parents and grandparents DNA, each human is unique, each born baby/human has some individual mutations in random parts of their genome, usually they are what is called neutral mutation, which doesn't affect any phenotype or are in part of the DNA which doesn't produce any enzymes). Of course some of those mutations are beneficial like protection against certain virus for example, and humans are the products of such beneficial mutations from our common "caveman" or prehistoric ancestors (homo habilis, homo erectus, etc).

All this to say that evolution, random trials and errors of the nature, is a powerful agent which may gives us the impression of intelligent design, of being ordered, while it is actually the products of billions of years of trials and errors. Human themselves are the products of billions of years of trials and errors. Of course, maybe those trials and errors incorporated into the nature are from a godly design.

(I didn't read much of the following article since I already know about this, quickly goggled for you):
http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2011/110612.html

Every Abrahamic religions/denominations in the world, mainly Christianity and Islam, should be abandoned as it is already done to a large degree in Europe and America. It only creates division among people.

Most religious traditions in the world are not like that (shinto, buddhism, atr, etc), since they allow anybody to practice the spiritual traditions of their own choosing. The national constitution and laws prescribe the relationship between various people and groups.

Elbisco:


1.WAR: They spark up war & disorder among their followers & those who didn’t support then.Remember the 9/11 in theU.S? Boko haram in Nigeria, Alqaeda , Islamic state (isis), war in iraq, iran, isreal e.t.c. These are typical examples.

You're right, but this only applies to abrahamic religions, especially christianity and islam, which are proselytizing religions. For them if you're not from their religion, you're an heretic and will end up in hell. The majority of religions are not like that consider buddism, shinto, african traditional, etc. For other religions than abrahamic religions, religion is a bit a misnomer, it's more like culture a spirituality, a way of life, your value system, etc. There's not this abrahamic concept of competition between religions (the only true god) and denominations (catholic vs protestant vs sunni vs shia vs judaism). Every people on earth have their own name and knowledge of god through their ancestors. For a traditional practitioner, it's perfectly normal to see someone not related to himself practicing another religion than his, the contrary would be absurd.

Ploy:


I have thought about Russia and Japan using another language apart from English and still they are developing but then I realised somethings -

Not just Russia and Japan, ALL of Europe too!

In general, people should learn in their own Nigerian language as long as possible up to university level, while learning at least one other language like English as a second language. Preferably, you need to add another national language (other than your main language). Learning English as a common language is very important, but in Nigeria it's facilitated by the current position of English in Nigerian society as well as the influence of American media.

http://phys.org/news/2014-10-interacting-worlds-theory-scientists-interaction.html

Thanks for posting the article.

macof:

He never judged nations...Nations never stopped wars against each other because of him (Isaiah 2:4).

It's true that Jesus doesn't seem to have fulfilled even its own biblical prophecy. I now understand why the Jews don't believe in him. Isaiah 2:4, and surrounding verses, makes it pretty clear he didn't fulfill the prophecy.

He will judge between the nations
and will settle disputes for many peoples.
They will beat their swords into plowshares
and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation will not take up sword against nation,
nor will they train for war anymore.

It's irrefutable. But in general I think there's some wisdom (as well as bad archaic things) in every religions on earth.

IDINRETE:
Hello Jagunlabi

Firstly, i am not an authority on Ifa but a mere OMO-AWO[student]. like I said earlier in one of my replies, Ifa encompasses all teachings of life both spiritually, morally, physically, scientifically, medically and et al.

With the little knowledge i have of ifa, i will like to share and to learn from other guys on this forum,

In western world they always talk about "ANGER MANAGEMENT" to the extent that people will often resort to therapy and all other forms of programme to control their agressive behaviours. to us as Yoruba people, this is not a new phenomenon or a moral teaching that was based solely on other religious sects but a lot of our people do not know what Ifa has to say on this. Prejudice and bigotry has clouded some peoples mind and eyes and have refused to examine or inquire about the teachings of Ifa.

I dont want to bore people too much let us just examine and talk about ANGER---IBINU in Yoruba.
we all know that "anger" leads to destruction and all other vices.

Yes, too much anger but. Like any emotions, it's ok to feel angry too sometimes ***depending on the situation***. For example, if your flight is cancelled at the last minute and that means you will miss one very important meeting (wedding of someone close, job interview which would help you to feed your family, etc). It's ok to feel angry. If you kill someone at the airport because of it or are still very very angry about it 3 months later, maybe that's a bit too much. All imo of course. I gather that some people who may consult their Ifa may have some problem with their anger and lack of patience so the advice would be appropriate for them (since their level of anger and lack of patience is hampering their life and destiny). I'm just saying this so people don't completely repress their emotions when it's appropriate for a situation. If you feel angry all the times, yes, that's too much I would think (all imo).

Ploy:


If language is the bane of development in colonized nations, what of Ethiopia that was never colonized and was one of the emancipated ancient nations?

With the language of the colonial masters, Africa can be what she ought to be if the leaders are disciplined. Don't forget that English language has become a global language.

Yes, it's very important to learn english as a second language as does most nations in the world.

It's true that english is a global language and personally I hope it stays that way (it's easy to learn, etc). But it must be noted that NO country in Europe beside British ones use english as main language of instructions. ALL THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, yes all of them, use their own language as medium of instructions and everyday life, same as Asian countries such as Japan, China, South Korea, etc. We're talking about well developed countries such as Finland, Sweden, Scandinavian countries in general, France, Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Israel, etc.

So yes, English is a great global language, but it is used and learned as a second language (bilingualism, multilingualism) in most of Europe and elsewhere.

AmunRaOlodumare:
^^^Everything is important and deserve proper funding. That's the dilemma of every governments or collectivity. Electricity productions (dams), food security (irrigation), education, health, housing, etc as well as maintaining security and peace. A nice dam for electricity production, new schools equipments for our children or new hospitals equipments for diagnostics/treatment is very nice, but so is preventing (intelligence service) and fighting criminal groups such as Boko Haram.

While I am at it, I can also add the need to provide funding to start-up companies in Nigeria.

To provide jobs for people and job seekers there's basically 2 ways:
1) An already existing company hire them
2) Starting your own company (and thus usually providing employment for other people as well)

Starting a new company requires money. Whether it is to make tomato sauce, electronics or provide services to people (car repair, restaurant, arts, etc). You need to pay for a space, hire employes and buy equipments or manufacturing equipments if you're into the manufacturing sector, etc. For example, buying equipments from this company (quickly googled 'tomato equipment manufacturer').

http://www.sspindia.com/tomato-processing-plant.html

or other similar companies:
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Paint-Manufacturing-Equipment-paint-production-line_996498789.html
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/brick-manufacturing-equipment_523883649.html
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Manufacturing-equipment-Semi-Automatic-Wafer-Mounter_133758770.html

For electronics:
http://www.appliedmaterials.com/
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2701117


Starting a new company has a cost, and great reward of course, and acquiring funding from personal saving to families and friends to banks and government initiative is essential. In fact, it's what makes America great. The capacity to provide funding, through various means, to new start up companies in all sectors from manufacturing to agro-processing to agriculture to high tech research and production (R& D).

^^^Everything is important and deserve proper funding. That's the dilemma of every governments or collectivity. Electricity productions (dams), food security (irrigation), education, health, housing, etc as well as maintaining security and peace. A nice dam for electricity production, new schools equipments for our children or new hospitals equipments for diagnostics/treatment is very nice, but so is preventing (intelligence service) and fighting criminal groups such as Boko Haram.

Omarbah:

Whether it is through taxes, special economic zones, financing interstate railroads/highways and then collect tolls or whatever other means but

Ok, I think we are saying the same thing. What you say above is part of what I consider "states" because a state must approve a highway collect tolls for example. Taxes, economic zones, collect tolls are indeed good ways to do it.

Omarbah:

I know about this force, actually a Guinean General is heading it. But not to sound pessimistic, counting a member states to fund this force is futile. It will be kept weak so that the range of action of the AU is diminished. As long as the AU or ECOWAS keeps counting on contribution from member states, we won't have real progress with them. They will remain empty shells. Look at the EBOLA crisis, the US has to send troops to Liberia to end the crisis, who knows why they are actually there but at this point speaking against it will just make one look stupid.
I fully support this task force but as far as funding , the AU should be creative enough to find her own and not just count on member states.

That's ridiculous, your "proposition" leads to nothing but the status quo. If you lean on "creative funding", whatever that means, nothing will be done either.

Funding from the African Union member states is the only way to fund the ASF and any African Union projects. That much is obvious. This is where the "creativity" must show. Maybe create a 0.5% export or import taxes, or a 5% travel taxes on plane tickets to fund the ASF.

Omarbah:

Beyond the economic and political zone(one market , one diplomacy) we should also have one military, at least one Navy and a regional police/paramilitary force to deal with groups such as Boko Haram that operate on multiple countries.

What you're talking about already exist for the African Union it's called the African Stand-by Force (ASF). It's supposed to be fully operational by the of end-2015 but will probably be delayed. From my own observation, for this ASF to be an effective and a rapidly deployed peacekeeping force in time of emergency, it has to be properly funded so that all the military equipments and personal are instantly ready for action. With enough funding coming from member countries, all the air force, equipments and personal will be ready instantly after the decision by the AU to intervene rapidly in an urgent security matter.

Here's a recent news article that I just quickly googled about it (I didn't read it completely yet, since I already know about the African Stand-by Force).

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=184350

The article, which I read after writing the above like me also mentions the need for proper funding from AU member states so it is efficient and independent.

The panel also recommended that the AU gives special attention to the financing of its peace support operations. The most significant constraint on AU peace operations, and its ability to respond rapidly to unfolding crises, is the inability of the AU member states to fund their own operations. The AU cannot make its own independent decisions regarding the mandate, scope, size and duration of its peace operations, as long as it is dependent on external partners to cover the cost of its peace operations.

That's ridiculous. Babies clutch at anything you put in their hand.

What is said above is also supported by genetic studies. If you consider the E-P2 Y-DNA haplogroup lineage, a genetic marker prevalent in many African populations like Yoruba, Somali, Igbo, Wolof, Oromo, Karrayu, Bantu, Congo, etc.

We can consider this quote from the linked study:

Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E1b1b trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E1b1 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested [10], and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.

-- from A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms (Trombetta 2011) . Download/consult here: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016073



E-P2 is a common haplogroup paternal lineage among various African populations like Yoruba and Somali (and all Niger-Kordofanian and Cushitic speakers for example). Population like Yoruba and Somali also share various MtDNA counterpart lineages like L2a, L3bf, L3cd, L3eikx, L0a, etc. Yoruba people have over 90% of the E-P2 lineage (also known as E1b1) in the form of E1b1a(E-M2) in their population and Somali have over 80% of the E-P2 lineage in the form of E1b1b in their population.

In relation to Obenga's linguistic works and document. This common E-P2 haplogroup lineage was the common lineage of Niger-Kordofanian, Cushitic and Chadic speakers before they separated and migrate away from their (North)-Eastern African homeland a long time ago (between the OOA migrations and 10 000BC). The study above tells us: that chromosomes E-M2[present in over 90% of Yoruba], so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.. E-P2 is indeed the most common haplogroup paternal lineage in Africa and is quite recent in term of human history.

I'm familiar with Obenga's work. If you read the document more attentively, you will see that Obenga does NOT say Yoruba, and the African language groups cited (Hausa, Oromo, Afar, Mande, etc), are direct descendants of Ancient Egyptians.

Consider on the document, p108 (p11 on the pdf), the "Egypto-African Common Stock"

If you look at the hierarchy of the Egypto-African common stock language, which is a very old language, older than 10 000 BC . You will notice that modern African languages like Cushitic, Chadic, Niger-Congo(aka Niger-Kordofanian) as well as the Ancient Egyptian language are descendant of a common parent language called 'Egypto-African common stock' language in this document.

We must understand by this that at one time in history, before 10 000BC, there was a group of people speaking the language we could call proto-Egypto-African who would later separate and migrate toward different directions in Africa. Starting the proto-Egypto-African language differentiation which would lead ultimately to the various African languages spoken today.

If you read Obenga's other work, you will see he situates the origin of this Egypto-African common stock language before 10 000BC, possibly in the region around Sudan/ethiopia (which is where Ancient Egyptians come from, after the Green Saharan desertification along with other regions like Nabta Playa, in search of greener pastures).

So basically, Obenga's doesn't say the African people cited in the document are direct descendant of dynastic Ancient Egyptians. It's more like both Yoruba and Ancient Egyptians, as well as other African language family like Cushitic, Chadic and other Niger-Congo speakers, are descendants of a common language (thus possibly common people) well before the foundation of Ancient Egypt (but later than the OOA migrations of course).

Omarbah:
Yorubas could do the same in western Nigeria.
Again, nothing prevents them from teaching English as a second language.

It's VERY important to teach english as a second language. It's done in many places around the world (Europe, Asia). But it is easy due to the influence of American culture in media and the position of the english language in Nigeria already. Otherwise all Nigerian languages can be used as language of instructions.

Double post

Omarbah:
yes to learning a European language, English in particular but NO to giving up your own. Like I said in my previous posts, nothing prevents an education system in native languages with English being taught as a second language. At the current pace, we will stop being Africans in the long term. We'd be another version of Akatas LOL

That's a big problem you talk about here.

Since the colonial era, African countries like Nigeria have done nothing but try to use the "European Model" and apply it to Africa without any adaptation. But in Europe all the countries (France, Finland, Sweden, Britain, Norway, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Israel, Russia, etc) use their own languages and their own culture as a foundation of their education system.

Since the colonial era African countries used the English language as the language of instruction and it failed. It failed. When something fail, you change it.

That's why (along with research done by Unesco and African universities) I made this post.

https://www.nairaland.com/1915272/what-preventing-africa-experiencing-cultural/4#26577116

^^^In fact, a bit ironically, this is more like the European model (it's also the model of previous large African Kingdoms) because it places African language and culture at the center of the education system the same way the "european model" place their own language and culture at the center of their own society and education system. Like Chinese, Japanese, South Korean, and European people do. We must not try to be like them but be ourselves. Use our own language and culture as a base for development. Integrate what is good from outside into our own culture, not the other way around which I recall failed. Times to do things differently in Africa. Good examples are Scandinavian countries, Japan, Israel, Russia, China, South Korea. Scandinavian countries and South Korea are interesting because they are small countries very advanced in term of technology, Research and Development (RandD), social security, support to locally owned enterprises in all main fields of science and manufacturing, and quality of life. They also use their own cultures and languages as foundation for their development.

macof:

It relates. The major reason why Africans today speak against polygamy is because of christianity, this is wat they are taught in church

It's true that some people nowadays speak against polygamy because of christianity. But even traditional religions are allowed to change with time, always in continuity and respect with the past, their ancestors and their spiritual belief. For example, at one time, there was no metal/iron work then there was and the Ogun deity was related to it. So traditional religions allow changed within it as long as it is done in continuity with the past. Polygamy was more adapted to people which had a much higher death rates for men than women, like in the past, or when a married woman lost her husband so she could become the wife of one of his brother (social protection) or for hereditary kings who needed to have many children to insure the succession. At least, that's my current opinion, who may always change.

I agree with the sentiment but it would be a great mistake to put all your confidence in one specific conception of God. Just look at the world (which has both greatness and horrible things).

For one, God is an abstract human concept. Which "God" do you speak about? The Jewish god like those in the bible, coran and torah, books assembled by Hebrew, Arabs and European people in their own languages, or some other concept of God? Maybe the Ancient Greek God (named Zeus) or the Ancient Egypt God named Amun-Ra (both very advanced nations for their time). In the sense, that your knowledge of God is what other humans told you about. So in reality you put your confidence in a book written by Jewish, European and Arab people. Sure there's a lot of wisdom in them, but also some archaic stupidity, and things specific to their ethnic groups like the history/genealogy of Abraham, like in ALL RELIGIONS AND HUMAN ENDEAVORS.

The concept of God, exist in all religions and spiritual traditions in the world. It may be the aspect that is the most interesting. Every nations in the world believe or believed in God in their own way (including agnostic people). Even atheist people, I would think, have this sentiment that there's possibly more to it. The world seems too balanced, too complex, to be only the product of chance and coincidences. What was there before the Bing Bang?

Don't get into "My religion denomination (Catholic vs Protestant vs Independant vs Shia vs Sunni vs other religions) is better than yours" childish thing. This is the human speaking, a none progressive/bigot human at it, not God.

^^I just want to add. That if you speak one of those endangered languages or dialects, the first practical step to expand and maintain their use is the creation of a monolingual dictionary. So if you're one speaker of those endangered languages and want to do something this is where the effort should be placed. Of course, you will see that when you create such monolingual dictionary, and later on bilingual dictionaries , will involved technically the harmonization and standardization of the language you work with.

A lot information in that sense can be gathered from this active organization:
http://www.casas.co.za/