₦airaland Forum

The OP is either a dumbass liar or born-again coward. It is a shame you denied being a Nigerian. Cowards die many times before their death.

What happened to the use of IED on these fools and terrorists from northern region of Nigeria who parade themselves as soldiers? A country's army is constituted to defend the citizens at all times regardless of the situation. Thank goodness I did not continue the process to join.

The Fulani army cum Nigerian army is a mark of unprofessionalism. The fools can be easily defeated with two armored Brigade and squadron of helicopter gunships.

demmie1:
Its a south east state for sure and this is at least two full squads I'm counting. I wonder what southern soldiers in the army are doing

The bolded is the most disheartened aspect of Nigeria. I do not want to see or shake the hand of anybody from the southern Nigeria who parades the dumbass self as a member of Nigerian armed forces.

Amotolongbo:
This is undebatable.

Southwest is far more urbanised than the South East..

The question of urbanisation isn’t a claim of superiority of one zone over the other.
Ndigbo are known to be more attached to their villages.

Abia- Umuahia & Abba
Anambra - Awka, Nnewi & Onitsha
Ebonyi - Abakaliki & Afikpo
Enugu - Enugu & Nsukka
Imo- Oweri & Orlu

Ekiti - Ado Ekiti, Ikere Ekiti
Ogun- Abeokuta, Ijebu Ode, Ota
Ondo - Akure, Ondo, Owo
Osun- Osogbo, Ife, Ilesha
Oyo- Ibadan, Ogbomoso, Oyo,

Okigwe which ignorantly omitted from your list was urban city before Ota. In 1979 when I visit Ota regularly, Ota was glorified village. During the same time frame, Okigwe was bustling city. Even the vandals, Nigerian army, that entered Okigwe in 1969 noticed a township known as Okigwe. During the same period, Abeokuta was one-street town while Ijebu Ode, Osogbo and Ogbomoso were cocoa farms.

These are bunch of Efulefu in Igboland. These jackasses are chasing rats while Igboland is on fire.

Stankovic22:
The economy has crumbled... I pity we Nigerians come 2022 because I am seeing more suffering

Nigeria never had economy.

seunmsg:
Igbo ladies were still dressing naked when the picture was taken.


https://www.nairaland.com/attachments/14468486_d9504e31a07b4b4e8deae40c02c0433c_jpeg_jpeg938bfd62a6ae48d37321f3fedd5fdaa2

Good to know you compared ordinary Igbo ladies with Yoruba royal household yet the Igbo ladies trumped them with ring of rare gold on their legs.

cocolacec:
Benin republic is part of Oyo empire and Yorubaland. Yorubas running to Benin tepublic is like going to visit your kith and kin,

You know absolutely nothing about the so-called village empire named Oyo.

Nigeria became a zoo when the running of the government was handed to goons whose intellects do not compare favorably with a domesticated Monkey.

IDeyNL:
You miscreants have no shame. On one hand BNG is DSS project to destroy Igboland, in other hand they are fighting for Biafra land.

I'm sure you live in penury and you don't have anything tangible (business or a good job) in SE, hence you support this economic sabotage in Igboland

All of you who support this monsters in Igboland will soon meet your Waterloo.

American say "Give me liberty or death". Why worry about the destruction of Igboland when there is no liberty to move around freely? I had rather have Igboland destroyed than watch Fulani herdsmen and Fulani army cum Nigerian army spillage, rape and kill people in Igboland as they feel.

Kinematics:
[s]Naijabad:
Rank Country Area
(km2) Area
(mi2) Continent Bordering countries by land
1 Vatican City 0.44 0.17 Europe Italy
2 Monaco 2.02 0.78 Europe France
3 Nauru 21 8.1 Australia and Oceania -
4 Tuvalu 26 10 Australia and Oceania -
5 San Marino 61 24 Europe Italy
6 Liechtenstein 160 62 Europe Austria, Switzerland
7 Marshall Islands 181 70 Australia and Oceania -
8 Saint Kitts and Nevis 269 104 North America -
9 Maldives 300 116 Asia -
10 Malta 316 122 Europe -
11 Grenada 344 133 North America -
12 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 150 North America -
13 Barbados 430 170 North America -
14 Antigua and Barbuda 442 171 North America -
15 Seychelles 455 176 Africa -
16 Palau 460 178 Australia and Oceania -
17 Andorra 468 181 Europe France, Spain
18 Saint Lucia 616 238 North America -
19 Micronesia 702 271 Australia and Oceania -
20 Singapore 719.1 277.6 Asia -
21 Tonga 747 288 Australia and Oceania -
22 Dominica 751 290 North America -
23 Bahrain 780 301 Asia -
24 Kiribati 811 313 Australia and Oceania -
25 Sao Tome and Principe 1,001 386 Africa -
26 Mauritius 2,040 788 Africa -
27 Comoros 2,235 863 Africa -
28 Luxembourg 2,586 998 Europe Belgium, France, Germany
29 Samoa 2,842 1,097 Australia and Oceania -
30 Cabo Verde 4,033 1,557 Africa -
31 Trinidad and Tobago 5,131 1,981 North America -
32 Brunei 5,765 2,226 Asia Malaysia
33 Palestine 6,220 2,402 Asia Egypt, Israel, Jordan
34 Cyprus 9,250 3,571 Europe United Kingdom (Akrotiri and Dhekelia)
35 Lebanon 10,452 4,036 Asia Israel, Syria
36 Kosovo 10,887 4,203 Europe Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia
37 Jamaica 10,991 4,244 North America -
38 Gambia 11,295 4,361 Africa Senegal
39 Qatar 11,586 4,473 Asia Saudi Arabia
40 Vanuatu 12,189 4,706 Australia and Oceania -
41 Montenegro 13,812 5,333 Europe Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Serbia
42 Bahamas 13,878 5,358 North America -
43 Timor-Leste 14,874 5,743 Asia Indonesia
44 Eswatini 17,364 6,704 Africa Mozambique, South Africa
45 Kuwait 17,818 6,880 Asia Iraq, Saudi Arabia
46 Fiji 18,274 7,056 Australia and Oceania -
47 Slovenia 20,273 7,827 Europe Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy
48 Israel 20,770 8,019 Asia Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine (Gaza Strip and West Bank), Syria
49 El Salvador 21,041 8,124 North America Guatemala, Honduras
50 Belize 22,966 8,867 North America Guatemala, Mexico
51 Djibouti 23,200 8,958 Africa Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia
52 North Macedonia 25,713 9,928 Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Serbia
53 Rwanda 26,338 10,169 Africa Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda
54 Haiti 27,750 10,714 North America Dominican Republic
55 Burundi 27,830 10,745 Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania
56 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 10,831 Africa Cameroon, Gabon
57 Albania 28,748 11,100 Europe Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro
58 Solomon Islands 28,896 11,1[/s]

Fixed!


Learn how to write on nairaland! And stop scribbling

I guess dumbass lazy fools will kick against anything which does not fit into their low class intellect.

Fahdiga:
They want to turn the east to a battle field but God alive

I remembered vividly Nigeria/Biafra battles of the war were not fought either in Kaduna or Lagos. Why the silly lamentation?

Lovenorth:
They should test them on Ipob terrorists

Another fool from the shithole called Nigeria.

SlyDev:
He is trending the path kanu, very soon he will abuse our Kings

Did you not read on this nairaland forum what was accredited to Alaafin of Oyo?

Biodun556:
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/alaafin-urges-nigerians-to-shun-calls-for-nations-disintegration/amp/



The Alaafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III, has called on Nigerians to shun those calling for the nation’s disintegration and work toward the promotion of its unity.

Adeyemi III gave the advice on Sunday at the inauguration of 35 classrooms at the Royal Gold Model Group of Schools and foundation laying of a Mosque in Ibadan.

The traditional ruler said a lot of things had happened in the past that resulted in ethnicity and tribalism among Nigerians.


He then, urged Nigerians to find a way of reconciling one another and forget about the past in order to move the country forward.

“I don’t think that separating the state is the way out, but we can restructure the country in such a way that we will have peace and tranquillity and live in harmony.

“There is need to unite in order to save Nigeria from disintegration,” the Alaafin said.

Oba Adeyemi III commended the Proprietor of the School, Alhaji Taofeek Akewugbagold, for promoting unity among Nigerians.

In his remarks, Akewugbagold, called on Muslims not to discriminate against those practicing other religions.

Akewugbagold said: “There should be no rancour or taking up arms against one another; every individual should be allowed to worship in his or her own ways.

“Both Prophet Isa (Jesus Christ) and Muhammed are prophets of Allah.”

The school proprietor said he would build another Mosque in Lagos State to be named after Prophet Muhammed.

In his lecture, Almufty of Ilorin, Shelkh Sulaimon Onikijipa, called on Muslims to abide by the teachings of the Holy Quran and stop looking for miracle where it does not exist.

Dignitaries at the event included: the Olubadan of Ibadanland, Oba Saliu Adetunji represented by Mogaji Akere, Moshood Gbolagade; Chief Imam of Ibadanland, Shelkh AbdulGaniyu Agbotomokekere and Yeyelua Agbesinga Adinni, Alhaja Medinat Adedibu, among others.

The bolded is the list expected from the mouth of someone who is older than 10 years. How could one shun people who agitate for the integration of Nigeria yet works toward unity? Who would he/she work to achieve the unity? A wise person would have encourage the peaceful exit of those who have developed contempt for Nigeria while those who believed in the shithole work their elusive unity. By the way, unity is not a thing therefore nobody can work on it. Wisdom has gone to the toddlers.

Tissaia:
Suspected members of the proscribed IPOB/UGM terrorist yesterday 28/10/2021 set one dangote driver, and his too motor boys ablaze after killing them.

according to the company source that wish to remain anonymous claimed the drivers were returning to their base after offloading their goods, before they were waylaid by the miscreants along IHIALA-ONITSHA road, they were killed, and set ablaze.

The caption of your thread, "Igbo Group Known As IPOB Kill & burned Muslim Northerners Driving Dangote Truck", sold you as dumbass stiff and intellectual midget. Why not Christian Northerners? The construct in red added value to your intellect or lack thereof.

Only idiotic fool will think about safe region in Nigeria. Nigeria is a glorified jungle yet one goon is talking about safety.

Too many dumbass Nigerians. Nigeria is not tagged basket of fools for nothing.

gwafaeziokwu:

You wicked.

Even the shout for restructuring has fizzled out.

You are equally wicked!!! The "Restructure" is a dumbass gimmick which has no place earth. To even insinuate restructure, one has to think of creating Lagos and Abuja in the defunct eastern and midwestern regions respectively. If this cannot be accomplished, it is safe to say must go our different ways.

Neatboy:
The things I see on my farm in Odeda area of Abeokuta here is better left unsaid.

These days and for a long time I have been unable to effectively monitor the progress of my farm because I hardly stay more than 30 to 45mins at any point in time. I have never dared to sleep there.

The whole place feels so unsafe, you could feel danger all about you.

The average Fulani Herdsmen and their controllers go about with a deadly air of invincibility and superiority over the locals and they are actually very arrogant about it.

Touching a Fulani is tantamount to unmasking an ancient masqurade, even the various DPOs handle their cases with extreme caution and reverence.

It is so bad that the understanding is that if Fulanis and their cows venture into your farm you are not expected to challenge them aggressively. You have to beg them and the matter will then be at the discretion of the Herdsmen.

Where there are disputes, between Herders and farmers, you are.expcted to report it to the local Seriki fulanis and not your Baales or Obas.

As a matter.of fact there has been a case involving the farm of the Baale, he had to report to the Serikin Fulani who is based in Alabata.

It when that Seriki finished his adjudication that the case is truly handled and whatever he says is final.

Any attempt to go outside that, you are inviting trouble.

There was a recent case where a whole village was evacuated for fear of fulani attack.
The typical fulani herdman will NEVER GREET you and even when you greet him, he responds with such contemptuous look on his face as though you were a lower being. And it doesn’t matter whatever you are.

And you can’t find them without sharp cutlasses. They are so sharp that they must always be sheathed.

And Abeokuta city is now brimming so disturbingly with a frightening Population of weird-looking guys of No identity, Names or fixed addresses who are all over the corners pretending to be Economic migrants riding Okada.

By the time these guys will activate their various cells around us into terrorism in the South West, we will be too destabilized to coordinate a response.

And they have the whole security agencies to back them up.

And they are already armed…

*© Adedamola Adetayo*

I cannot feel or show empathy to Yoruba or any other mushroom ethnicity from the southern region of Nigeria which joined hands with the northern region in 1967 to grace the atmosphere described by the author of the above post. This reminds me of the adage which states a person cut off his/her nose because he/she despises his/her face. Ndigbo are still standing and definitely will fight to active homeland and fight and fight!!!

naijapips04:
So the albino fraud is what now, a nationalistic fighter? Funny zombies.

Abeg shift one side with your terrorist dilector. Ofeke

If you have ever embraced someone who have been branded terrorist and even jailed as hero, you are qualified as a drooling zombie.

naijapips04:
If after listening to this live broadcast from the albino terrorist clown and you still do not see how he is an even more dangerous terrorist than Shekau, then you must be sick in the head. So this is the same person Ohaneze Oshi na ndi ama is asking the court to release unconditionally? if Nnamdi Kanu's name is Musa, I know by now everyone will be calling for his head.

This guy is done for. No judge will hear these and allow him see the light of the day ever again.

Please shut up your putrid mouth. It is not uncommon to witness nationalistic fighters called terrorist. There are, at least, one so-called terrorist whom you calmed as your hero after all.

RobbStark:
I am not ndoki neither am I ngwa...nah
I am[b] Ijaw [/b] I will tell you that we you pay me.
Maybe like you said I am from Sierra Leone or from brass who knows.
But what I know is that I am not Ibo ..nah.
I have history and a rich culture different from that of you ibos.
I have your images of your forefathers in chains in my hometown.
Do you have my ancestors in chain??
Ngwa my black asss

No, Ijaw was never an ethnic nationality. The most of the so-called Lagosians came from Sierra Leone. However one of the quartet pillars which made the so-called Ijaw is a region known as Akwapim-Togo.

RobbStark:
Ojukwu was never a great man. But a coward who ran away wen the heat was about to start. Even boko haram did better than him.
Boro was a student and you expect him to tumble the coward then without any supply of arms and other Ijaw people.
You must be a kid.

I usually do not cross words with most Nigerians who are intellectually handicapped. The bolded is a typical stream of thought which rolls out of such Nigerians. Jasper Boro is who did not confront one of the smallest unity of armed forces but succumbed to the calling of riot police led by a woman is great yet the man who forestalled the military onslaught for three years by league nations is not great. Go figure!!!

B11la2b:
Buhari is in pain .
Since the sit at home order from the supreme leaders of ipob.
-the no election in anambra.
-the killing of top figures in the south east.
-ESN.
-Chestbeating.
God bless laminu kranu.

Biafra will be achieved soon with a landlocked landmass not up to sambisa forest and a population of over 30 million people ..

Are you one of the goons from northern and western regions of Nigeria to draw the boundary limits of Republic of Igboland or even Biafra? I guess idiotic statements such as the above post lead to what happened in Rwanda.

RobbStark:
Boro is a great man, better and courageous than that coward Ojukwu who ran away when the heat was starting.
You can't twist history. Believe what ever you want, you can't change the fact that Boro as a student was courageous. It's in our spirit.
We don't run, we stand n fight.
That can't be said about you yebos.
Biafra only exist in your dreams and I want you to keep dreaming.
I can feel your frustration it is telling even to the blind.
Rant all you want, no inch of Ijaw land wud be ceded to the fraud you called Biafra. None.
Bonny n Opobo are were they are wen you miscreants and chest beaters are ready, come and carry it n see if you won't be drowned in the ocean. Stone

Jasper Boro was never great as a dancer or village wrestler. The shenanigan Boro stood up in Kaiama was ended within 60 minutes by a riot police team led by the lady who was a DSP.

IbileIfe:
Nigeria, one-third larger than Texas and the most populous country in Africa, is situated on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. Its neighbors are Benin, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad. The lower course of the Niger River flows south through the western part of the country into the Gulf of Guinea. Swamps and mangrove forests border the southern coast; inland are hardwood forests.
Government
Multiparty government transitioning from military to civilian rule.

History
The first inhabitants of what is now Nigeria were thought to have been the Nok people (500 B.C.–c. A.D. 200). The Kanuri, Hausa, and Fulani peoples subsequently migrated there. Islam was introduced in the 13th century, and the empire of Kanem controlled the area from the end of the 11th century to the 14th.


The Fulani empire ruled the region from the beginning of the 19th century until the British annexed Lagos in 1851 and seized control of the rest of the region by 1886. [/b]It formally became the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914. During World War I, native troops of the West African frontier force joined with French forces to defeat the German garrison in the Cameroons.

[b]
The Kano Riot of 1953
The Kano riot of 1953 refers to the riot, which broke out in the ancient city of Kano located in Northern Nigeria, in May 1953. The nature of the riot were clashes between Northerners who were opposed to Nigeria's Independence and Southerners made up of mainly the Yorubas and the Igbos who supported immediate independence for Nigeria. The riot that lasted for four days claimed many lives of the Southerners and Northerners and many others were wounded.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Kano_riot

On Oct. 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence, becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and joining the United Nations. Organized as a loose federation of self-governing states, the independent nation faced the overwhelming task of unifying a country with 250 ethnic and linguistic groups.

Rioting broke out in 1966, and military leaders, primarily of Ibo ethnicity, seized control. In July, a second military coup put Col. Yakubu Gowon in power, a choice unacceptable to the Ibos. Also in that year, the Muslim Hausas in the north massacred the predominantly Christian Ibos in the east, many of whom had been driven from the north. Thousands of Ibos took refuge in the eastern region, which declared its independence as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967. Civil war broke out. In Jan. 1970, after 31 months of civil war, Biafra surrendered to the federal government.

Gowon's nine-year rule was ended in 1975 by a bloodless coup that made Army Brig. Muritala Rufai Mohammed the new chief of state. The return of civilian leadership was established with the election of Alhaji Shehu Shagari as president in 1979. An oil boom in the 1970s buoyed the economy and by the 1980s Nigeria was considered an exemplar of African democracy and economic well-being.

The military again seized power in 1984, only to be followed by another military coup the following year. Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida announced that the country would be returned to civilian rule, but after the presidential election of June 12, 1993, he voided the results. Nevertheless, Babangida resigned as president in August. In November the military, headed by defense minister Sani Abacha, seized power again.

Corruption and notorious governmental inefficiency as well as a harshly repressive military regime characterized Abacha's reign over this oil-rich country, turning it into an international pariah. A UN fact-finding mission in 1996 reported that Nigeria's “problems of human rights are terrible and the political problems are terrifying.” During the 1970s, Nigeria had the 33rd highest per-capita income in the world, but by 1997 it had dropped to the 13th poorest. The hanging of writer Ken Saro-Wiwa in 1995 because he protested against the government was condemned around the world.

As leader of the multination peacekeeping force ECOMOG, Nigeria established itself as West Africa's superpower, intervening militarily in the civil wars of Liberia and Sierra Leone. But Nigeria's costly war efforts were unpopular with its own people, who felt Nigeria's limited economic resources were being unnecessarily drained.

Abacha died of a heart attack in 1998 and was succeeded by another military ruler, Gen. Abdulsalam Abubakar, who pledged to step aside for an elected leader by May 1999. The suspicious death of opposition leader Mashood Abiola, who had been imprisoned by the military ever since he legally won the 1993 presidential election, was a crushing blow to democratic proponents. In Feb. 1999, free presidential elections led to an overwhelming victory for Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, a former member of the military elite who was imprisoned for three years for criticizing the military rule. Obasanjo's commitment to democracy, his anticorruption drives, and his desire to recover billions allegedly stolen by the family and cronies of Abacha initially gained him high praise from the populace as well as the international community. But within two years, the hope of reform seemed doomed as economic mismanagement and rampant corruption persisted. Obasanjo's priorities in 2001 were symbolized by his plans to build a $330–million national soccer stadium, an extravagance that exceeded the combined budget for both health and education. In April 2003, he was reelected.

Nigeria's stability has been repeatedly threatened by fighting between fundamentalist Muslims and Christians over the spread of Islamic law (sharia) across the heavily Muslim north. One-third of Nigeria's 36 states is ruled by sharia law. More than 10,000 people have died in religious clashes since military rule ended in 1999.

In 2003, after religious and political leaders in the Kano region banned polio immunization—contending that it sterilized girls and spread HIV—an outbreak of polio spread through Nigeria, entering neighboring countries the following year. The Kano region lifted its ten-month ban against vaccination in July 2004. On Aug. 24, there were 602 polio cases worldwide, 79% of which were in Nigeria.

Since 2004, an insurgency has broken out in the Niger delta, Nigeria's oil-producing region. The desperately impoverished local residents of the delta have seen little benefit from Nigeria's vast oil riches, and rebel groups are fighting for a more equal distribution of the wealth as well as greater regional autonomy. Violence by rebel groups has disrupted oil production and reduced output by about 20%. Nigeria is one of the world's largest oil producers and supplies the U.S. with one-fifth of its oil.

In Aug. 2006 Nigeria handed over the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon, in compliance with a 2002 World Court ruling.

Please delete the above crap. Most Nigerians are fond of writing junks without thorough deduction. Which region did your idiotic Fulani empire rule from the beginning of the 19th century until the British annexed Lagos in 1851? Did the moronic Fulani jihadist movement crossed Tiv land? By the way, there was nothing such as Fulani empire.

giftibo:
Marginalisation of Ndoki people
in the present Administration of Abia state government is really worrisome, appointing an Ndoki man as a commissioner for culture and tourism, of all the portfolios is very humiliating and not acceptable to the people of Ndoki Clan and Late, Dr. Solomon Nkem Ogunji whom you claimed to be your dear friend during his lifetime, but has turned around and marginalised his people. The death of our beloved brother, Late Dr. Solomon Ogunji and his missing presence in this dispensation of  Abia state government is a serious loss to Ndoki people, we are pained.

His excellency Dr. Okezie Victor Ikpeazu PhD, it's obvious that you have forgotten so soon the struggle, fight, and support of late Dr. Solomon Ogunji and the entire Ndoki people which led to your emergence as the executive governor of Abia state, I am still wandering where and how the Ndoki people went wrong.

After your executive council meeting held on 26th day of October, 2021 how many roads,  and government infrastructures was awarded in Ndoki Clan counting from the onset i.e, since the inception of your Administration?

well let it be on record that our struggle and support for you was in vain since we are not remembered during appointments of meaningful positions in your present Administration and awarding of roads and infrastructures for construction. Our roads are so dilapidated, death traps, and not motorable at all.

Coming from Aba, Opobo road through Azumini is no go area, coming through Obehie to Azumini is not different, in my sobering moment, have been thinking and asking myself the kind of crime Ndoki people must have committed against this present Administration that is unpardonable, at the same time still praying to God to vindicate my people.

A very big lessen to  us "Ndoki people"

Comr. Sampson Belle

Chairman
IYC Ndoki Clan.

The author of the above junk is not a native of Ndoki. If Obehie to Azumini road is in no-go-area status, why are the people of Asa not marginalized too?

SlyDev:
The PDP caucus loyal to the clamour of Northeast presidency has zoned the vice presidency to South West.

A reliable source pinpoint a South West governor have been decided upon to replace Peter Obi on the ballot in order to cut into votes APC will get from the region

Why are most Nigerians inherently idiotic? It is has been announced by certain groups within the political parties there is no zoning policy. Why would a group goons from PDP come out with the announcement of zoning offices to Northeast and Southeast?

MRDEE01:
Orishirishi.

There should be a poll to that effect like it was done in the UK before brexit.
#My2cents.


Hello nairalanders.
I am an experienced bolt driver based in abuja.

I am looking for a partner who can provide me a car to drive on Bolt platform,either on weekly remittance or hire purchase basis.

Thank you.

The bolded is a common idiocy. Ndigbo are not copycats. There is no place on earth where poll had decided the formation of a nation state. However there have been wars of independence or dialogues.