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 Forum Games › Re: Forum Games Chat Thread - A Thread For All Fun Lovers by Obinoscopy(mod): 12:42am On Feb 10, 2020 |
dre11:Yes it is. How've you been? 1 Like |
| Events › Re: Wedding Without Reception At Catholic Church Bariga. Food & Souvenir Packaged by Obinoscopy(m): 8:36pm On Feb 09, 2020 |
This is lovely. I know the guy. We went to the same secondary school. We were in the same class and were friends back then. He is a very cool and well collected guy. I wish them a happy married life. 2 Likes |
| Education › Re: UNILAG, Why Is There A Long Delay In Getting Our Academic Transcript? by Obinoscopy(m): 6:24am On Feb 02, 2020 |
Obinoscopy:Update I got an email on Friday (January 31st) that my Transcript has been dispatched. That's 9 whole months of waiting! That's crazy. 1 Like |
| Politics › Re: Presidency Reacts To US Visa Ban On Nigerians by Obinoscopy(m): 9:46pm On Feb 01, 2020 |
sarrki:This doesn't make sense to me. Why don't they ban B1/B2 visa as well? |
| Education › Re: National Open University Of Nigeria (NOUN) Students by Obinoscopy(m): 5:57pm On Jan 31, 2020 |
Hello. Please is it possible for one to get a transcript from NOUN even if he hasn't completed his academic program with NOUN? If yes, please what's the procedure? |
| Politics › Re: Why Anthony Okolie Was Arrested By DSS For Using Hanan Buhari’s Line by Obinoscopy(m): 10:07pm On Jan 12, 2020 |
DaBullIT:An intent to commit a crime is a crime in itself. If what they claim is true, they should charge him to court and present evidence of intent. 11 Likes |
| Nairaland General › Re: You Are Shouting "2020 Is My Year Of Harvest". Did You Plant Anything In 2019? by Obinoscopy(m): 10:02pm On Dec 30, 2019 |
Good point. Even though it sounds harsh but that's the hard truth. 111 Likes 3 Shares |
| Christianity Etc › Re: 4 Reasons I'm Considering Becoming An Atheist by Obinoscopy(m): 12:29pm On Dec 30, 2019 |
englishmart:There's No contradiction. The phrase: "in the presence of the Lord your God at the place he will choose as a dwelling for his Name" is the Church. So you and your household is to spend your tithe in the Church. 1 Like |
| Christianity Etc › Re: 'Come On! Let's Have A Little Sex' Church Themed Poster Sparks Reactions by Obinoscopy(m): 2:02pm On Oct 30, 2019 |
Theres nothing like First Genesis (1 Gen 39:7). It's just Genesis 39:7. And I doubt any church will quote only that verse. This is just someone trying to play an expensive joke. |
| Crime › Re: Nigeria Police, Army, NAFDAC Have Worst Govt Spokespersons, Media Poll Shows by Obinoscopy(m): 2:20pm On Oct 25, 2019 |
I'm suspecting they are putting the names of PRs that don't give them envelope. It's so sad that journalists collect envelope filled with money from organizations during press briefings. The money wil definitely make their report biased. |
| Education › Re: UNILAG, Why Is There A Long Delay In Getting Our Academic Transcript? by Obinoscopy(m): 9:21pm On Oct 22, 2019 |
egorov:Yes it did. We can retweet on twitter as well via this link: https://twitter.com/nairaland/status/1186694085404348416?s=20 1 Like 1 Share |
| Education › Re: UNILAG, Why Is There A Long Delay In Getting Our Academic Transcript? by Obinoscopy(m): 2:10pm On Oct 22, 2019 |
egorov:I think you might need to reword the title of this thread so it can make FrontPage. Perhaps we can say: "Unilag VC: Why is There Long Delays in Getting Our Transcript Dispatched?" or if you have a better title. 5 Likes |
| Travel › Re: Canadian Express Entry/federal Skilled Workers Program - Connect Here Part 9 by Obinoscopy(m): 12:05am On Oct 22, 2019 |
Obinoscopy:Guys there's now a Unilag Transcript complaint thread where we can lay our complaints. Let's all troop in there and state our case. Hopefully the Unilag management will see it and do something. Heres the link to the thread: https://www.nairaland.com/5478511/make-unilag-vc-see-thread |
| Education › Re: UNILAG, Why Is There A Long Delay In Getting Our Academic Transcript? by Obinoscopy(m): 11:58pm On Oct 21, 2019*. Modified: 9:20pm On Oct 22, 2019 |
In my own case I paid 25k online for my transcript to be delivered to an evaluation company in the US. I started this process since May and it is yet to be delivered to the company. I am currently in the States thus I cannot physically go to Unilag Records Office to know what the issue is. I sent them several emails and its either they ignore me or reply me in caplocks that my transcript application will be treated accordingly. So its five months and yet no transcript! Isn't that crazy? It's not fair as I believe this delay will encourage people (both student/alumni and staff) to indulge in bribery and corruption in order to fasttrack the system. I've already heard of people who got their transcript asap because they went to the Records Office to "fast track". The Unilag management need to stop this delay in processing transcript as it would only encourage corruption. UNN iTranscript process is much better as I got my transcript within a space of 1 month. I got my transcript dispatched and received by an Evaluation Company and I did it from the comfort of my room! So I believe Unilag can do better. Let's retweet this on Twitter: https://twitter.com/nairaland/status/1186694085404348416?s=20 15 Likes 1 Share |
| Travel › Re: USA Fiancee (K1) Visa Thread by Obinoscopy(m): 4:32pm On Oct 16, 2019 |
Thanks for this info |
| Forum Games › Re: ~<<The Last Person To Post In This Thread Wins>>~ by Obinoscopy(mod): 7:20pm On Oct 11, 2019 |
It is finished  |
| Politics › Re: Buhari, Jonathan Meet In Aso Rock by Obinoscopy(m): 1:39am On Oct 11, 2019 |
Lilimax:No I don't think he is the problem. If anything, he should be one of the few who puts the unity of the country first before any other thing. His acceptance of the election result and his matured comments in his post-presidency period is really commendable. 1 Like |
| Politics › Re: Buhari, Jonathan Meet In Aso Rock by Obinoscopy(m): 3:29pm On Oct 10, 2019 |
News like this is a sign that Nigeria will survive. |
| Travel › Re: USA Fiancee (K1) Visa Thread by Obinoscopy(m): 9:35pm On Oct 03, 2019 |
Well done guys. |
| Forum Games › Re: ~<<The Last Person To Post In This Thread Wins>>~ by Obinoscopy(mod): 3:47am On Sep 10, 2019 |
As the mod, I hereby declare that I'm the winner  |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 11:22pm On Sep 02, 2019 |
horpeyemmi66: AUNafada: Motunemotun:You are hereby inducted to this honorable thread. We are most honored to have you. Welcome. The medical community look forward to sharing knowledge with you. See updated list: https://www.nairaland.com/5289692/clinical-pharmacology-discussion-thread#80073865 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DISCUSSION THREAD MEMBERS 1 Like |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 11:04pm On Sep 02, 2019*. Modified: 11:28pm On Sep 02, 2019 |
| Forum Games › Re: Naija Quiz Show #2 - Win N10,000!! Aug 12th by Obinoscopy(mod): 2:48pm On Aug 12, 2019 |
rentAcock:The answer to your Q#1 is Australia 2 Likes |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 12:18am On Aug 10, 2019*. Modified: 1:37pm On Aug 10, 2019 |
PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY Children takes drugs thus we need to take special consideration of how the drug works in their body. The way drug works in kids is different from the way it works in an adult. This is because as the organs and systems within the child develops (ontogeny), the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs changes. When a child is born until he gets to 1 month he/she is called a neonate. Then from 1 month to 24 months (2 years) he/she is called an infant. From 2 years till 12 years he is called a child. Adolescents are those from 12 years till 18 years. I personally don't see Adolescents as Children but I see them as young adults. Thus my focus will be mostly on those less than 12 years (neonates, infants and children). Like I said earlier, the organs and systems of a child undergoes different developmental changes from birth till maturity. This changes affect drug disposition when consumed by the child. The most dramatic changes occur in the first 18 months of life. Organs such as the liver and the kidney which play a very critical role in drug metabolism are not fully functional at birth. Also the activities of enzymes such as CYP450 and UGT isoforms is not at maximum. Thus we need to be careful when administering drugs affected by the liver or kidney or the enzymes (CYP & UGT) such as erthromycin, saquinavir, ritonavir, codeine, carbamazepine, etc. to children. A typical example of a pharmacokinetic consideration due to altered renal drug clearance in newborns and infants is in the adminstration of gentamicin. Gentamicin is given every 18-24 hours in neonates and every 6 hours in young children. This is as opposed to how its given to adolescents and young adults (given 8 hourly). Another factor that contributes to the different drug disposition in kids is the poorly developed Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). Some drugs are crosses the BBB very easily while others don't. Thus this must be taken into consideration when treating a child. It is also worthy of note that the volume of distribution (Vd) is increased in Infants of 6 months or less. This needs to be taken into account when administering drugs to kids. The GIT of children is different from those of an adult. For example, gastric pH changes during ontogeny (stomach pH is higher than the adult value due to the immaturity of parietal cells). This is the reason why peroral bioavailability of acid-labile drugs such as penicillin, ampicillin is increased and peroral bioavailability of weak organic acids such as phenobarbital, phenytoin is reduced in kids. Also gastric emptying time is prolonged throughout infancy and childhood due to reduced motility. This delayed emptying time can affect the absorption of drugs with limited water solubility (phenytoin, carbamezepine). Neonates and young infants have problem absorbing fat-soluble vitamins because they don't have adequate bile acids. ADVERSE DRUG REACTION IN CHILDREN Drugs can cause adverse reactions when taken by adults and children. This is especially so in children as they don't fully have the body mechanism to deal with these drugs the way adult does. A child is susceptible to ADR indirectly in the womb or during lactation (due to maternal drug exposure) or directly when given a medication. An example of ADR from maternal drug exposure is the neonatal abstinence syndrome due opioids. Example of ADRs that occur in children are Reyes Syndrome (caused by Aspirin), Serum Sickness (caused by cefaclor), cutaneous toxicity (caused by lamotrigine), hepatotoxicity (caused by valproic acid or paracetamol), cartilage and tendon toxicity (caused by fluoroquinolones). DRUG USE DURING LACTATION As I said earlier, a child can indirectly be exposed to a drug during lactation. Fortunately, the concentration of drug achieved in the breast is usually low for most drugs. For these drugs, it is advised that the mother continues breast feeding the child as the benefit of breast feeding outweights the risk. This is because it is known that formula feeding is associated with higher infant morbidity and mortality. For example, in developing countries, HIV mothers who are taking anti-retrovirals should still breast feed their children. This is because the risk of exposing the child to the HIV virus and to the HIV drugs is low compared to the risk of the child dying from not being breast fed. However there are some drugs that are not to be taken during lactation because they are present in large toxic concentration in the breast milk. These drugs are amiodarone (can affect the child's thyroid function), chloral hydrate (cause drowsiness in the child), chloramphenicol (bone marrow suppression), heroin/methadone (neonatal narcotic dependence), radio active iodine (thyroid suppression), tetracycline (teeth staining), atenolol, niroprusside, clonidine, guanfacine (hypotension), etc. The following drugs have minimal effect during lactation and thus can be taken by the nurisng mother. They include: penicillins, isoniazid (must be taken with pyridoxine supplement), acyclovir, aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, antacids, albendazole, caffeine, warfarin, oral contraceptives, propranolol, metoprolol, labetalol, enalapril, captopril, methyldopa, nifedipine, amlodipine, cholorothiazide, spironolactone, hydralazine, digoxin chlorpromazine, etc. It is advisable to take the drugs 30 - 60 minutes after breast feeding and 3 - 4 hours before the next feeding. It is worthy of note that even the drugs that present in large toxic concentration in breast milk can be taken by the lactating mother if prescribed by the doctor. This is especially if the drug is taken for a very short period of time and the mother and baby are properly monitored. Also the drug clonidine has been used off-label as a single post partum dose as a neuraxial analgesia. Antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides and metronidazole are mostly safe. Tetracyclins and flouroquinolones are not safe and should be taken only if benefit outweighs risk and if taken for a short period of time under prescription and proper monitoring of the physician. Antimalarials such as artesunate, artemether, lumefantrine, quinine, chloroquine are safe to be taken by lactating mothers. They can be taken for prophylaxis or treatment. Also the child being breastfed should be given antimalarials if he has the signs/symptoms. However care should be taking when giving these antimalarials to lactating mothers who's breastfeeding children weighs less than 5kg. POSOLOGY People make the mistake of viewing children as little adults. They make adjustments to the dose for a child based on his age (Young's Rule) or weight (Clark's Rule). This is wrong as it may lead to under- or over-dosage. A more reliable way of calculating drug dosage for a child is based on his/her surface area. Aside the surface area, it is important to know the differences in the child's metabolic system compared to an adult as this will enable the doctor and/or the pharmacist to determine the accurate dosage for the child. Reference Briggs , Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ: Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 10th ed. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2015. de Wildt SN et al: Ontogeny of midazolam glucuronidation in preterm infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66:165. Katzung BG, et al. Basic and Clinical pharmacology, 12 edn. McGraw-Hill, 2012. Kliegman R, et al. Nelson textbook of pediatrics (Edition 20.). Phialdelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016. Koren G. Medication Safety during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding; A Clinician’s Guide, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2006. So guys this is my piece on pediatric pharmacology. I might do a little writeup on diabetes and hypertension in children as an offshoot of this piece. But that will be at a latter date. Please feel free to let me know if I made any mistake in my writeup as I am not perfect and am amenable to learning. Thanks. 2 Likes |
| Career › Re: Pharmacists, Pharmacy Students And Interns. At Home Or Abroad, Let's Meet Here. by Obinoscopy(m): 4:39pm On Aug 08, 2019 |
Hi guys, is there anyone preparing for FPGEE, NAPLEX, MPJE or Canada Board Board Exam? |
| Travel Ads › Re: Flight Fare by Obinoscopy(m): 4:45am On Aug 05, 2019 |
LegitBachelor:Is it really possible to travel to Barbados without flying through the US, UK or EU? |
| Travel › Re: Canadian Express Entry/federal Skilled Workers Program - Connect Here Part 8 by Obinoscopy(m): 12:48am On Aug 03, 2019 |
DexterousOne:Perhaps you can create a comprehensive complaint thread on unilag transcript wahala here on nairaland and it could make FrontPage. cc: dolapodabo, mexzony |
| Forum Games › Re: ~<<The Last Person To Post In This Thread Wins>>~ by Obinoscopy(mod): 8:30pm On Aug 01, 2019 |
Says no one. |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 7:22pm On Aug 01, 2019 |
I will post something on the following in the near future: Diabetic Hypertension Pediatric Pharmacology Geriatric Pharmacology I enjoin others to post on different topics as well. Lets make this thread rich. |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 7:18pm On Aug 01, 2019 |
belovedaja:Thanks for indicating interest to join this honorable group. Please let us know your educational/career background so we can induct you. |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 6:57pm On Aug 01, 2019 |
fayded:I think it has to do with listing the different mode of actions of sympathomimetic drugs. For example, we have adrenergic agonists, Dopaminergic agonists, Reuptake inhibitors, Monoamine Releasing Agents, etc. So each of these mechanism of actions needs to be explained along with its resultant sympathomimetic effect. |
| Education › Re: Clinical Pharmacology Discussion Thread by Obinoscopy(op): 6:49pm On Aug 01, 2019*. Modified: 11:16pm On Sep 02, 2019 |
MTAIYEM: exynos:You are hereby inducted to this honorable thread. We are most honored to have you. Welcome. The medical community look forward to sharing knowledge with you. See updated list: https://www.nairaland.com/5289692/clinical-pharmacology-discussion-thread#80073865 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DISCUSSION THREAD MEMBERS |
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