₦airaland Forum

GOOD NEWS: CBN DIRECTS BANKS TO RECEIVE OLD NOTES WITHOUT LIMIT FROM THE PUBLIC

This is to encourage members of the public to receive and spend the old currency note.

Congratulations to Nigeirans. The suffering is over.

https://crs.cbn.gov.ng

With Nigeria's Federalism all state governors have the power to individually execute the supreme court judgement within its territory without waiting for announcement from the central government.

It becomes a breach if central government interferes with such execution.

Discuss it with your spiritual heads - Pastors and Imams

Nigerian offices do not respect people's profile. By the time you inherit corrupt structure you will see your profile matters little

I just shared this news with my neighbours and it greatly transforms our lives. Such a breakthrough praising pounded yam

DoveofPeace:
Which area in Akwa Ibom?

Eket

ObiaboAdoka:
21k

Location?

metaluterus:
Palm oil 25litre = 23,800 Naira. Sokoto state

Serious. Then you need to get a source to get from the south

fashionnisir:
Thank you.
In order words l am to use for cold process

Caustic soda ...................1kg
Oil ....................................4/6 litres
Water....…...........................2litres to dissolve the soda.

Please for commercial purpose you mentioned
50:30:20 ratio for pko, palm oil, animal fat
What will be the guage for it
Caustic soda : water ratio?

Thank you for sharing form your verse knowledge

1275 hydrometer reading

This is the season of Palm oil. Soap factories and businesses world over buy this commodity in large amount and store for use during scarcity.

Palm oil, palm kernel oil, animal fat, vegetable oils are now very cheap.

Here in Akwa Ibom State it is only N12,000 for 25litres - they do not accept transfer. It must be physical cash.

Let us know how much one can get at mills in your area.

One love

How is circulation in your area

samtol4:
Check Taylor & Francis or Springer website

Thanks much

ASSISTANCE ON HOW TO PUBLISH ARTICLES IN JOURNALS

Good evening all. I have just concluded my Masters research in Chemical Engineering. I worked on Environmental Impact Assessment and Chemical Remediation of Petroleum Polluted Soil. Right now I have written two journal articles. I need guidance on journals to publish and how to go about free publication.

Thank you

fashionnisir:
Thanks you very much sir, for these write up.
Please can you help with the dilution level of caustic soda with the use of hydrometer
Example toilet cleaner and others to your knowledge.

Gauge cauatic soda at hydrometer reading of 1275

fashionnisir:
Nice writeup sir, please can you throw more light on rendering of animal fat for soap production?

Sir the ratio 50:30:20 are the ratio in liters gallon laterally?

Thanks in respect to your responses

Just put the fat in pot and heat till everything turns to oil.

The ratio is in litres.

Many problems soap makers encounter is linked to the amount of water they use. Problem of soap being soft, breaking, sticky in plodder, not foaming, shrinking in size afer some days. Let me analyze how you can get control of your water in soap making.

At times people would be asking what quantity of caustic soda (g and kg) should I use per particular volume of oil? I can quickly answer 1kg of caustic soda should go for 4litres of oil. You can as well use 1kg for 6litres of oil. But I usually do not like answering such questions.

Such question though possible to answer will do little to nothing as help for the person asking.

The first thing a beginner in soap making should learn is how to dissolve caustic soda. What grammes or kilogrammes of caustic soda to be dissolved with what volume of water.

Four options are available:

1. Ratio 1:1: Here you use 1kg of caustic soda to 1litre of water. This is not adviceable as the soap formed will be crumbling, breaking when cut and too drying.

2. Ratio: 1:2: This uses 1kg of caustic soda to 2litres of water. It gives a fast drying soap, within 2hours. The soap comes out strong. The only issue is that it requires hydrometer to correctly gauge the concentration of the lye and adjust to 1275. It works fine for cold process soaps. Do not use this method for hot process as it would not give the soap time to cook and gel properly.

3. Ratio 1:3: This uses 1kg of caustic soda with 3litres of water. It does not require hydrometer. The only problem is your caustic soda must be of good quality else concentration can turn to be too dilute. As a matter of fact I do recommend this ratio for my students for their hot, semi-hot and cold process. The drying time is very reasonable.

4. Ratio 1:4: Here you use 1kg of caustic soda to 4litres of water. Many that use hot process go for this. Those making cold process soaps that would require waiting for days or weeks for the soap to dry use this. Those making soda soap also play with this (I recommend 1:3 for soda soap).

Pick a ratio of your choice and dissolve your caustic soda.

NiceClean:
Ok. Thank u so much.

You are welcome

NiceClean:
I dnt have a boiler now. Maybe in a near future. I am producing by cold processing method.

Get a stainless steel container. Put the soap pieces. Add little water. Put the soap on stove. Heat and stir on low heat till everything melts and become smooth like pap. Pour into mould.

sophsolo:
Using a double boiler method, heat it up. It will melt, then pour in moild

[b][/b]
Get a stainless steel container. Put the soap pieces. Add little water. Put the soap on stove. Heat and stir on low heat till everything melts and become smooth like pap. Pour into mould.

sophsolo:
Using a double boiler method, heat it up. It will melt, then pour in moild

[b][/b]
Get a stainless steel container. Put the soap pieces. Add little water. Put the soap on stove. Heat and stir on low heat till everything melts and become smooth like pap. Pour into mould

In bar soap making oil is everything. It determines the quantity, quality and profit you make.


After learning about the ratios of dissolving caustic soda and what it will mean for your production, the next thing is understanding your oils.

I would not bore you with the science of oils as a triglyceride. I won't go into the fatty acid compositions of oil - lauric, myristic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic etc. I won't bother you with saponification value of the oils as the soap formulation most of you have are a bit superfat to accomodate a wide range of oils.

I will be dealing with oils for profitable soaping. I won't mention oils like coconut oil, olive, castor etc today - I talk about them when dealing with bathing soaps.

To make a quality commercial bar soap (laundry and multipurpose), you must learn about palm oil, animal fat, and palm kernel oil.

The easiest oil to use is palm kernel oil. Soap instructors use that for training and youtube. The oil gives a very hard bar. Highly foamy. Infact, I call PKO the king of foam in bar soap. The only oil that beats PKO is coconut oil. However, PKO soaps finish fast and can be breaking.

Palm oil can give you a hard soap too. Palm oil soaps, like olive oil, maybe soft when out of the mould. But given some time set into a very hard bar. The soap will not foam like PKO soap but will last longer. The foam is steady and doesn't collapse easily (excellent foam stability).

Animal fat can be rendered for use as oil for soap. The soap produced with animal fat are very strong and bright in appearance. The foaming is slow but lasting. Fat from cow, pig, fowl etc are useful here. Render the fat immediately the animal is slaughtered to avoid the oil smelling. Rendered fat can stay upto a year without deteriorating.

To make soap that will foam well, bright in appearance, last long, and with lower production cost, then blend palm oil, animal fat and PKO. A good start is ratio 50: 30: 20 respectively.

DON'T BE WORRIED ABOUT HOW TINUBU WILL COPE WITH HIS OLD AGE AS NIGERIAN PRESIDENT - HE WILL NEVER BE

Like I said earlier on, the entire north (APC and PDP) has a hand in the emergence of Atiku for 2023 Presidency. They need not brought out another competent northener to be flagbearer in APC. Tinubu candidacy is enough victory for Atiku. The strategy has been perfected.

Don't worry about Tinubu. He is an already established politician, a respected figure both in the Yoruba nation and the APC. He has raised many in politics. He is the brain and might behind Buhari and Osinbanjo breakthrough in accessing Aso Rock. I have been studying him closely and do strongly admire his pedigree. He has contributed a lot and made much impact. It is really a thing of honour and respect to allow him become the flagbearer of the party he has so worked for. He is not like other ''political prostitutes'' jumping from one party to another. But truth is this where the journey ends. Tinubu has been compensated fully now. He will sure retire from politics anytime from now.

In the coming days Tinubu's age will be so obvious in everything he does. It is a blessing to be this old - what we all pray for. Nobody will campaign against him. His age will.

No thanks to northern politicians. They are smart. Buhari is not Aboki. He is a great strategist. All of them will be supporting their brother secretly while appearing disinterested in affairs of Tinubu and APC.

It will be a case of ''my hands is not there ooo.'' Let the south fight to make their Jagaban win our Turaki.

Congratulations in advanced to North East as power swings to you. Congratulations to North for your unity.

It is a pity that we in the south would never learn.

I am Id Oduok

IT IS NOT PDP THAT BROUGHT OUT ATIKU. IT IS THE ENTIRE NORTH. APC TOO ARE INVOLVED

When it comes to Nigerian politics the North has no political affiliation. It is just the North-South syndrome they are aware of and can do anything to support ''their own'' irrespective of which party they claim.

I have carefully followed the pre and post 1914 almalgamation politics in Nigeria. The North knows not anything called North Central, North East and North West - they have only one thing in mind THE NORTH. Revolution failed, coup failed, civil war failed all because of the united North and the fragmented South.

Don't be carried away by Wike's 200 plus vote. It is as useless as Udom's 30 plus. They were all used. They made it appear like a stiff competition.

What the North will do will be to bring out one imbecilic candidate from the South to be APC flagbearer while all of them pull resources from both APC and PDP to secretly support Atiku.

They are so resolate that power shouldn't shift to the South.

Atiku, Buhari and all the Northern stronghold are working together on this.

The south should for the first time ignore party and regional sentiment and support one Southern candidate to ensure power shifts.

My name is Id Oduok

Useku:
Fine chemist!

Always share new thoughts, we following.

Thanks

By Idongesit F. Oduok

Soot in Port Harcourt has been a cause for serious concern of recent. This is suspected to be from activities of those producing illegal fuels (bunker kerosene) at the creeks. I suppose the soot is as a result of them burning a portion of crude oil to generate energy to cook the crude to obtain kerosene etc. In industrial setting this is done in well designed furnaces to control the release of pollutants. But these folks at the creek are using crude method to distill crude oil to obtain crude kerosene, hence you see these pollutants in addition to the loss of lives of the masses from explosion of this their crude kerosene.

Adverse air pollution may be divided into two classes – acute and chronic effects. Acute effects manifest themselves immediately upon short term exposure to air pollutants at high concentrations, and chronic effects become evident only after continuous exposure to low levels of air pollution. The chronic effects are very difficult to demonstrate and are consequently less obvious.

Soot is classified as particulate. It is carbon released from the crude oil molecule due to incomplete combustion. Its effect is acute, as you can see and experience its presence almost immediately. The effect include general physical discomfort, skin irritation, damage to paint and aesthetic of both built and natural environment. Other effect includes upper respiratory tract infection. On the positive side, if you can lay hold on a good quantity of this soot you can use it to produce printer ink, paint, and other products that require carbon as feedstock.

What should be our greatest fear?

That black stuff you see there is a lesser evil compared to several other invisible pollutants you cannot see.

In the midst of that black smoke are hundreds of unseen pollutants – they are colourless. These include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like benzene and formaldehyde as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These unseen pollutants are highly carcinogenic.

How bad can things be?

In future Port Harcourt may turn out to be the cancer headquarters of the world if nothing is done urgently to address this mayhem.

And the right time for action is now.

(Idongesit Oduok works on achieving a pollution free environment. This he does by designing reactors that efficiently obtain energy and material resources from waste. 07037263653. odfidservices@gmail.com. odfidtechnicalworld..com)

The only way to achieve this is to design and build systems that will convert carbon to other useful products - reuse. Stopping processes that generate carbon mean stiffling development, especially for a developing country like ours. I can't tell how effective this current drive on carbon sequestration has been. Generate carbon but reuse it.

When you drink "no sugar" products they still taste sweet and even sweeter than sugars. Why? What is added there are sweeteners e.g. Aspartame or Saccharin. When you hear "no sugar" it is more of marketing term than safety. If you consume sugar in excess, worse that will happen is diabetes mellitus but if you consume sweeteners in excess you stand a chance of having cancer - a bigger devil. We need sugar in our body but I doubt if we need sweeteners. Sugars are natural chemicals while sweeteners are man-made. A small dose of sugar is good for you as it will be a primary source of energy. Good news is that you can burn it off completely if you are a hustler - children are experts on this. Are you scared of diabetes? Only sugars that you can't burn off give diabetes. Meaning you consumed more than you needed. Mind you there are people that do not consume sugar but still have diabetes. Why? This type is due to imbalance of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In summary: Consume sugar not sweeteners. Do not take excess sugar. Honey, glucose are awesome for you.

https://odfidtechnicalworld..com/2021/12/food-safety-why-you-should-drink-sugar.html

MrBrownJay1:
IMHO its somehow correct, but everything need to be looked at and it greatly depends on the age of the child.

Secondary School

Experts in the house.
I met a Proprietor who makes the policy that any student that fails either Mathematics or English irrespective of whether he/she took first position must repeat the class.

I want to ask, is this method of assessment justifiable?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36H0dRPgYiE

Ya ya