₦airaland Forum

While you are killing yourselves, can anybody explain clearly and succinctly what the difference between PDP and APC is.

myplaydiary:
Yep you are right though, that is the point of this thread supporting our own-Igbo.

Exactly, I posted this forum before and I was attacked because somebody said Aba was being attacked on that forum which was untrue, as if this forum is any better. Political Igbo topics are not suitable for this place because they will be trolled, is best to keep it in-house where they can be moderated. I am a moderator there.

ezeagu:
myplaydiary, his is a thread you should have signed up and made here: http://igbobuofu.com/

tysontim, loopmangoat, eduj, AntiNigerian, Fremancipation, Instead of wasting time arguing with people, you could have been building in the above.

myplaydiary, his is a thread you should have signed up and made here: http://igbobuofu.com/

From Ancestry DNA

"What is a reference panel and why do we need one?

To determine where your DNA comes from, we need to compare it to a panel of
reference samples with known origins. If we can identify samples to which you are
genetically similar, and we know the ethnicity of those samples, we can infer your
genetic ethnicity from that comparison."

How they do that:

"Figure 3.1: Reference Panel Refinement Cycle. Schematic of the ethnicity estimation reference panel
refinement cycle. In step 1 we select candidate reference samples from published data, the AncestryDNA
consented customer list, and the AncestryDNA proprietary reference collection. For AncestryDNA samples
we rely on pedigree data to select those with deep ancestry from a single population. In step 2 we filter
out closely related samples from the candidate list. In step 3 we use principal components analysis
(PCA) to remove samples that show a disagreement in pedigree and genetic origins. We also use PCA
to guide regional cluster definitions. In step 4 the panel is performance tested using numerous metrics
and compared to the previous release. The final result is a high-quality, well-tested reference panel that
significantly improves genetic ethnicity estimation. The entire procedure is cyclic, and AncestryDNA
will continue to make improvements on the panel with the goal of providing the most accurate ethnicity
estimation possible with the data available."

You can see that they are clearly grouping people how they want and considering the sample size by regions they used:

https://i.imgur.com/lMFR381.png

It's clear that there could be a related group created out of the regions if their sample was big enough, this means that if they grouped south eastern Nigerians together and did the pedigree analysis and checked their common ancestry you'd get Igbo people coming out with 80%+ for this new region and you'd also get other Africans coming out with a little or trace amounts of this ancestry.

The sample size is very small.

YonkijiSappo:
Ghanaian's results. (AKAN)

89% GHANA-CV
10% NIGERIA

https://i.imgur.com/BhDNu4G.png

Cameroonian's result's. (BAMILEKE)

84% CAMEROON-CONGO
11% NIGERIA
2% GHANA-CV
2% BENIN-TOGO

https://i.imgur.com/DxhqkHX.png
https://i.imgur.com/EQ5Oyau.png


Look at the various Nigerian tribes here.

[img]http://tracingafricanroots.files./2016/08/naija-ethnic-diversity.jpg?w=869[/img]

None of them have anything to do with Nigerian people. They show a dominance of their actual regions and an additional component from a neighboring country that they share ancient ancestries with
CASE CLOSED.

Now explain how the Ghanaian woman's Nigeria ancestry flew over Benin/Togo.

YonkijiSappo:
The same thing you are saying about Ghanaian showing up in Igbo Results as not being plausible and just "random" could also be said by an Ashanti from Kumasi, showing like 10% Nigerian in her results, when her entire generation can't even remember ever being in contact with any Nigerian group of people.
It is ancient African Ancestries that simply peak in particular places.

But that's the thing, you've already pointed out that Akan people come out more than 90% Iv/Gh, they hardly come out more than 1% Nig. which should not be the case if they were influencing Igbo pop, I guess by flying over the Benin/Togo and Yoruba.

YonkijiSappo:
Isn't this exactly what I am saying?
That the identifications go beyond national borders, BUT are more concentrates within certain regions/Ethnic groupings which inherently points to their origin.

benin/Togo peaks among GBE people and radiates into Nigeria. Cameroon-Congo peaks in Bamoun/Tikar/Fang Etc and radiates into Nigeria.
Nigeria peaks (with a lower %) with certain groups in Nigeria and also shows up among some Beninese, Ghanaians and Cameroonians.

There's nothing about the origin, in fact the post was warning about how the results are just a reflection of the people sampled, look at the table posted above from here: https://tracingafricanroots./ancestrydna-regions/

YonkijiSappo:
Sir, that is exactly the case. They don't just pull these things out of their asses.

Ancestry DNA says:





You can question their techniques quite alright, but there is some truth to their methods.
Note the Congo here is not the Big DRC Congo but the smaller Congo ROC closer to Cameroon.
So, why according to you should an Ivorian and ghanaian be similar, but a Cameroonian and their closer Bantu neighbor in ROC probably sharing same ancestral and tribal groupings not be?

"DON’T take the labeling of the AncestryDNA regions with country names too literally. Ancestry.com mentions themselves how their “regions” (perhaps more properly termed ancestral/genetic components) might be named after specific countries but in fact they are found in neighbouring countries as well. Plus some of the regions will have a higher “prediction accuracy” than others based on how Ancesty’s own samples (“typical native”) score when they get tested (i will post the screenshots on the bottom of this page for those who don’t have access). Therefore I don’t think we should get caught up too much in how these regions are named. It’s just proven to be very difficult to come up with 100% appropriate labels, this goes for any DNA testing company sofar btw."


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_dAfxRy6no&list=PLm2A_Jdbg98ipInq4VHsTAwORd0OWgF87

Ultimately it seems likely that Ancestry DNA did not go further than grouping ancestral markers by colonial borders which is why there's a random pattern in the large and ethnically diverse Nigeria than the more homogenous and smaller Ghana/Ivory Coast and Benin/Togo they are still working on their database so everything is still fairly speculative.

YonkijiSappo:
But there is nothing like "Bight of Biafra ancestry"
Cameroonians are usually quite different from those in Eastern Nigeria, when it comes to DNA.
I once saw the result of one Cameroonian person that had an Igbo grandparent, and his DNA was still atypical.

Like I said before, Nigerians are usually the ones with split DNA. Read what Ancestry DNA says about Nigerians. They are the Africans with the least predictability compared to Senegambians, Mali region, Ghana/CV, Cameroon-Congo, SE bantu regions.
Nigeria is a country at crossroads between West and Center. Look at Nigeria's location very well on a map.

Hence, together with the Aboriginal Nigerian elements, we usuallly combine Benin-Togo and Cameroon-Congo with our DNA sequences.

Look at the result of this Igbo person below.

https://i.imgur.com/X1nzLNG.jpg

Nigerian 77%
Benin/Togo 13%
Cameron / Congo 5%
Ivory Coast / Ghana 4%
Mali 1%

The thing is I don't agree with the idea that Cameroon/Congo are a homogenous group, Ivory Coast/Ghana are same, and Benin/Togo are homogenous, and then Nigeria across the board is just a mixture of these groups. There's no history to suggest that and it's very random anyway and doesn't show any clear migration pattern (especially Ivory Coast/Ghana showing up higher in Igbo results), so it's probably just a reflection of how the sampled populations were grouped. As has been already posted, African Ancestry matched an Igbo persons maternal DNA to the Tikar and Fulani in Cameroon.

Ebow surname: http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=ebow

Ebow's on Ancestry.com (141,120 results)

http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=Ljh128&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&gss=angs-g&new=1&rank=1&msT=1&gsln=Ebow&gsln_x=0&msypn__ftp=Louisiana,%20USA&msypn=21&msypn_PInfo=5-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C0%7C21%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C&MSAV=1&cpxt=1&cp=12&catbucket=rstp&uidh=mf3&gl=allgs&gst=&ghc=20&fh=20&fsk=BEEeEuMIgAAIvgAIjck-61-

9jakool:
Benin-Togo having high frequency in Nigeria is not a result of intermixing, because if that was the case it would be consistent and still be occurring till today and all the cultures in the region would be very very similar. But that's not the case. There are over a dozen language branches and hundreds of distinct ethnic groups in the region.

A better theory is that since most of the languages and cultures in West Africa had a common ancestor, it's not too strange to see that overlap. The overlap in DNA, would be of the shared origin, rather than the exchange of DNA through intermixing. It's important to raise suspicion and question the test's accuracy. Ancestry DNA also have the disclaimer that they are aware that their DNA testing isn't always going to be accurate which is why they give ranges as well. They also update their data frequently which may cause in one's percentages to fluctuate.

I found this Liberian man who got an overwhelmingly high "Ghana/Ivory Coast" percentage.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnZraslnNK8

It's interesting because I found an Igbo man with a very high "Nigeria" marker. In the second video, he tested his maternal ethnicity, only to be told he was Hausa, Fulani and Tikar. Lol This is why I think it's good to question the accuracy of some of these geneology companies. Geneology has lead the way in the 21st century, but there is still a lot of room for improvement.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6aXVjTGsdc


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_dAfxRy6no&list=PLm2A_Jdbg98ipInq4VHsTAwORd0OWgF87

That was my argument, although the original comment was pertaining to the groupings of the ancestral populations and how the company could easily make a eastern Nigeria or Bight of Biafra category by finding strong common ancestral markers and attributing those markers to the eastern Nigeria area. This way you would have an Igbo person presumably scoring high Bight of Biafra ancestry, over 80%, like Fon people have high Benin/Togo.

If go back in the thread you will see I posted that Igbo AA result.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkr1QRBvFag

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9ADfEyh7PQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEjM1QiWvB0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox93okwUja4

"Makandal presented this choreographed dance at Miller Theater at Columbia University on February 14, 1992. Because it was Valentine's Day, the Troupe featured the Vodou spirit Èzili Freda Dawome (representing sweet love) as the program's theme.

The dance ibo stood outside the theme. Haitians remember the Ibo ancestors (the Igbo of eastern Nigeria) as a proud people who resisted slavery by taking their own lives. The Ibo believed that the soul, freed from its body, would transmigrate back to the homeland. In some parts of Haiti, Vodou devotees call on the Ibo spirits during funeral rites. On stage, the dance represents resistance.

Musicians: Standing from left, Manbo Lucienne (special guest, vocals), Tom Mitchell (sax), Paul Newman (bell), Avin Valdemar (trumpet), Alberto Plummer (trumpet), Tim Newman (trombone); seated at drums from left, Jean Alphonse (third drum), Steve Deats (second drum), Frisner Augustin (lead drum).

Dancers: Smith Destin, Nicole Attaway, Sandy St. Cyr, Rose Deats, Mari Da Silva, Annette Johnson"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptjN6oMiV40

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h65sHEFsLCg

"Ibo Granmoun O - In praise of elder wisdom in Igbo culture."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCTPMTy5M5A

YonkijiSappo:
This might be true, But it might also be because you are only observing a segment of the Afram population.
Usually African Americans and in fact all New World blacks from Uruguay to Canada are eager to identify with Nigeria above any other country, Nigeria seem to carry some prestige than these other smaller countries.
They then further research and to find out which Nigerian tribe had the highest number of slaves taken to the USA, they discover it is the Igbos, and bam, they start claiming Igbo.

Naja Njoku herself was traced first in her original DNA test to the Cameroon region, she even travelled to Cameroon for her VERY FIRST naming ceremony with the Bamilekes and Bamouns , but like two years later, I saw her parading herself as Igbo Nigerian. Of course, she must have discovered that Cameroon wasn't all that, so she probably shifted to the next neighboring popular region. Or maybe she did her own analysis and concluded that the DNA testing company was wrong...

African ancestry is very iffy, the video below explains why perfectly.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_dAfxRy6no

I actually suspect that many of the Tikar and Cameroon results in African Ancestry DNA results are actually Igbo and Ibibio because that reflects the demographics and history of the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra, but that's another topic.

bigfrancis21:
Ezeagu,

I am strongly thinking that Igbos of Nigeria need to reach out to our brothers across the ocean who have long been reaching out for ancestral connection and support, just as the Yorubas have done to ilk of their own. We could start supporting our long-lost brothers by sending Igbo cultural groups/entourage in full Igbo regalia yearly to perform and showcase Igbo culture and customs in some of these countries such as US, Jamaica, Haiti, Belize, Bahamas etc., and thus re-enforce the Igbo cultural renaissance currently taking place in these countries. Such cultural displays would be a huge event kind of thing with Igbo naming ceremonies taking place concurrently such that those really interested in reconnecting could take Igbo African names at the same time. Also, Igbos especially need to set up their own museums/offices in these countries with Igbo history, arts, clothing, tradition, customs, books on Igbo tradition etc. in full display because there is a growing demand for Igbo customs going on right now.

Our brothers across the ocean have been reaching out for years now, Igbos of Nigeria need to reach out in return to complete the re-connection. Late Mrs Catherine Acholonu of blessed memory did some of these efforts in bringing some AAs of Igbo ancestry to visit Nigeria but she is no more.

I think the main problem is that there's more ignorance in the Igbo population to this and there's absolutely no awareness that there is a connection to these places or how significant the slave trade was in Igboland and how significant Igboland was to the slave trade. Most Igbo people are unaware that Igbo has heavily influenced the English they speak in the Caribbean to the point where Jamaicans use 'unu' everyday. As much energy that would be put into promoting the cultural and ancestral links between Igboland and say Virginia and Jamaica should be put into educating Igbo people on the lasting legacy Igbo people have had in these places, I think that's what has happened with other groups like the Akan and Yoruba and why on threads like these you won't see many Igbo people or won't see any Igbo person opening such a thread anyway.

The Akan and Yoruba have been made aware of their legacy in the Americas and many of them, as can be seen in this thread, jealously guard their influence, also the 'imperialist' and 'expansionist' disposition of their culture may influence that, but if you look at a place like Jamaica for instance you can see what this awareness in the academia at least of Ghana has done in connecting Ghana and Jamaica very firmly to the point where Jamaicans mostly believe their culture to be Ghanian, even though Igbo culture is as strong. The best example of this cultural race or the 'land grab' of the diaspora can be seen if you search Akan diaspora and Yoruba diaspora, two detailed books on the influence of these groups have been published, while the Igbo versions are just a collection of other estimates and general information.

YonkijiSappo:
If there was extensive intermarriage in the area, they would have ore fragmented ancestry, instead it is Nigerians that show fragmented DNA. Not them.
It shows that they are pretty much autochtones to their area.
I mean how can you explain the fact that even an Ewe in Ghana is still showing more than 70% Benin Togo, whereas an Igbo from nigeria is still showing it as number 2 or 3 region?
Btw: what areas are defined as lower Niger valley?

Lower Niger Valley is general southern Nigeria.

Benin/Togo showing up in Igbo results means it's an ancestral marker that's similar between the two, this would mean that the B/T pop. would have had to either split and influenced the Igbo pop. or there was a more recent influence of B/T in the Igbo population which historical there isn't much in terms of contract with the Yoruba talk less of Fon people and if there was whether now or in ancient times then there's no way there wouldn't be a backwash into the B/T area. The fact that the Urhobo/Yoruba girls is coming up with high Nig. is also suspicious. Also Ivory Coast/Ghana shows up as a little or significant in many Igbo results while Senegal comes up in Yoruba.

This isn't even considering the fact the Sierra Leone and Liberia are not tested.

YonkijiSappo:
lol, You are turning facts on its head.
The places with the higher concentrations of a particular gene type , which then gradually radiates around at lower concentrations into its neighbors, simply show its origin.
I told you that Beninese people who test their DNA sometimes show over 90% Benin/Togo, while most nigerians show Benin/Togo as either their second or third most prevalent ancestries, perhaps except some Yorubas near the Beninese border. What does that tell you?
I also told yu that Nigerians especially don't show very high concentrations of the "Nigeria" regipn due to conplex history.

Here is a Ghanaian's result, which is typical for someone from that country.

[img]http://tracingafricanroots.files./2015/03/ghana1.jpg[/img]

Here is an Ivorian

[img]http://tracingafricanroots.files./2015/03/civ.jpg[/img]

Compare to these Nigerians here.

[img]http://tracingafricanroots.files./2016/08/naija-ethnic-diversity.jpg?w=869[/img]

The Benin/Togo region is definitely the source of that gene type no doubt about it.
Even in Ghana, the Ewe DNA is starkly different from those of the Akans, woith Ewes showing an overwhelming dominance of Benin/Togo and Akans showing dominance of Ivory Coast/Ghana.

It isn't a mistake, the genealogists know what they are doing with the labels.

This assertion is only sound if there was no intermarrying within the area marked as Benin/Togo. The markers that show Benin/Togo only means that those markers are found most common among them and is probably because of shared ancient ancestry, it doesn't mean that someone with Benin/Togo results has ancestors that came from that area. This is why with other companies like DNA Land they have different categories like West African and under that they have the Lower Niger Valley which people form southern Nigeria have high results of.

bigfrancis21:
Thanks for this.

There was an African American sometime ago on this forum that did her paternal DNA ancestry test and the result was very shocking, her DNA match was over 90% Igbo. She said the company was shocked at such high level of preservation of one singular ethnic group DNA over the decades/centuries despite the mixture that has occurred within the AA population, as they would expect anyone of such high match of over 90% Igbo DNA to be an Igbo from modern-day SE/SS Nigeria. She did say that she was able to find slave records of her ancestor from Africa and his name was recorded as 'Chimesie' (Chimezie proper), an Igbo ancestor.

Up until the 80s a few AAs still bore 'ebo' as their surname, in relation to their ancestral roots. One of such people is Antona Ebo, a catholic reverend sister who was very active in the 60s during the civil rights movement.

https://www.whsd.net/userfiles/1735/5_sisterebo_Maassen_GRAY__February-15-2011-5%20ebo.jpg

http://clarionherald.info/clarion/index.php/news/latest-news/155-breaking-news/3767-sr-antona-ebo-recalls-her-march-on-selma-in-65

This lady here shares 99.7% DNA maternal match with Igbo.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meA1rcbOAO8

I remember the poster, I posted here with her.

You don't even have to guess about that Ebo name, there's a confirmed African American family, well lineage really, that answers 'Ebow' coming from Louisiana and the official documentation says this comes from an Igbo progenitor.

"The Bight of Biafra, centered on the Niger Delta and the Cross River, became a significant exporter of slaves from the 1700s and dominated the Trans-Atlantic slave trade along with neighboring Bight of Benin until the mid-nineteenth century. A great numbers of slaves from this part of Africa were sold into North America. In Louisiana, slaves from this coast were listed as Edo, Ibo, Ibibio, and Calabar. They were also among the most frequent ethnicities listed on official documents. In Southwest Louisiana, "Ibo" has survived as a family name and transcribed "Ebow.""

From the site of the Whitney Plantation in Louisiana http://www.whitneyplantation.com/the-ivory-coast-and-gold-coast.html

And it seems most of them don't know the meaning of the name, which shows how the Igbo influence is there but nobody knows it's Igbo which is why Igbo influence goes unnoticed.

"After slavery, for many of them, the single name they had on the plantation became their last name. Toussaint became a famous last name. The name Ebow is from Nigeria—but then I ask people in Louisiana, 'What is the origin of your last name?' and they don't know. If you go on ancestry.com, Ebow says 'origin unknown.' Plenty of people in Louisiana have the last name Poulard, and that is from Africa, and the search will tell you it's a funny French word meaning 'fat chicken,' and of course it means that in French, but what they don't know is it's also the name of the Fulani people of African cattle raisers. I'm telling you, there is a lot to learn about slavery."

https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/americas-first-slavery-museum-shifts-the-focus-from-masters-to-slaves-511

If you search Ebow in the American directory White Pages under Louisiana you'll see there are numerous 'Ebow's', this is not even including the fact that many members of this lineage would have migrated, most of them are around the SW of Louisiana.

http://www.whitepages.com/name/Ebow/LA

You can find descendants all over the internet, like this woman on twitter: https://twitter.com/SimplyChalPal

Funnily enough, these people look like Igbo people which can be possible through a particular area importing more Igbo people and they marrying amongst themselves, also cultures that were more dominant in an area in slavery had people survive from that culture more.

https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/689886229190557696/2VFP08aH.jpg

There are also African Americans with Ebow as a first name.

http://academy.teachpublicschools.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=552855&type=u&pREC_ID=846444

So, just from this example, you can see that if Igbo people proactively try to link with North Americans more Igbo influence will be revealed, and the Igbo contribution to America will be more apparent.

MrPresident1:
Igbo ancestry? What is Igbo ancestry?

You are a dirt cheap liar. Tell me what is Igbo ancestry!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fgl-UP7SRws

(Although Ovie is Urhobo)

YonkijiSappo:
It isn't just "Assumed" to be a Beninese/Togolese marker for assumption sake.

The marker is labelled such, because that is where its highest concentrations are found. Most people from Benin/Togo region usually show a 90%+ dominance of it in their genomic breakdown. Same for people from Ghana/CV wh usually show like 80-90+% of that particular region.... It goes without saying, Cameroon/Congo is the same.

Nigerians usually seem to be the odd ones out, we have more fragmented DNA due to our complex history.

Infact, it has been said that Nigerians show the lowest concentrations of a marker assigned to them in general, because Nigerians as it turns out are a very very mixed African population. The Average Nigerian may not score more than 70% Nigeria most times, and that is for a very Nigerian person. Fulanis have some Senegalese and North Africa, Igbos have some Cameroon/Congo and Benin Togo with the former being slightly more than the later. Yorubas have Benin/Togo and Cameroon/Congo in the same vein, While all sorts of Nigerians show Ghana others Mali with a sprinkling of Bantu all over. A lot of people from our neighboring regions seems to have all migrated into the geographical space of what is now Nigeria in the past, hence the lower concentrations of "Nigerian" DNA markers among Nigerians themselves.
People from places right in the middle of Nigeria like Kogi and Plateau should do these tests, I am sure they would be the ones with the highest proportion of Nigerian unique markers.

Personally, I won't be surprised if I take a DNA test and score less than 65% Nigerian.

No, this is where colonial borders come in, there was no distinction made in the test between a Yoruba from Benin Republic and one from Nigeria, an Ewe from Togo and one from Ghana, same for Hausa. The assumption only makes sense if there is a defined grouping in Benin and Togo which there isn;t, it's just a test for genetic similarity. Places like Liberia and Sierra Leone are not even there and are grouped with neighboring regions. Even if you go with the shared ancestry from thousands of years ago it's from out of southern Nigeria, specifically eastern Nigeria and not towards it which makes the results even more fallible because it's showing a link the Benin/Togo has with Nigeria groups rather than the reverse. The image below explains:

[img]https://tracingafricanroots.files./2015/10/benintogo.jpg[/img]

“Benin’s largest ethnic group is the Fon (39%), followed by the Adja (15%), Yoruba (12%) and Bariba (9%). Togo’s largest ethnic groups are the Ewe (21%), Kabye (12%), Mina (3.2%) and Kotokoli (3.2%). Benin has more ethnic ties to its neighbor Nigeria; Togo has more links to Ghana. These ethnic ties are the result of long-standing kingdoms that flourished before European colonists created new borders.” (Ancestry.com)

“Many people in Togo and Benin speak one of about 20 related Gbe languages. Linguistic evidence indicates that most of the Gbe people came from the east in several migrations between the 10th and 15th centuries. The Gbe were pushed westward during a series of wars with the Yoruba people of Nigeria, then settled in Tado on the Mono River (in present-day Togo).” (Ancestry.com)

YonkijiSappo:
Like Jewish markers?

This is not a question of colonial borders, in fact these categories go past colonial borders, for example, most Nigerians have significant Benin/Togo ancestry. Yet they are not Nigerians, and we are not Beninese.

Markers similar to Beninese because the markers were assumed to be based on them, just like how there's an entire one for the huge region of Cameroon/Congo. This why Hausa people get Nigeria results without Benin/Togo and Cameroon/Congo, it's random.

his person explains the results in detail: https://tracingafricanroots./ancestrydna/african-results/nigerian-results/

Or the various crumbs of influence Igbo culture has had in the Antilles.

https://68.media.tumblr.com/24f26d896fa193e6cbb574e77dac0fd1/tumblr_oa2qddwXOI1qjh37to1_500.jpg https://68.media.tumblr.com/37f179fe956074c9f3592b1adef48406/tumblr_oa2qddwXOI1qjh37to4_r1_400.jpg

https://68.media.tumblr.com/f60ae82dcabd57b41fcc4c119444e6ee/tumblr_oa2qddwXOI1qjh37to5_r1_1280.jpg

You know, the funny thing is that with all of this talk of this and that religion or the fading of this culture or the other, you can fund people with authentic links to African communities who are African descendants in the Americas without hassle.

For example this prominent man from Belize whose statue stand at the mouth of the old Eboe Town.

https://68.media.tumblr.com/7e3ad51434364db7ef72aef269285f08/tumblr_obeca1vteq1qjh37to3_1280.jpg

https://68.media.tumblr.com/246faacbf2aef65c8ad8aada415b94f1/tumblr_obeca1vteq1qjh37to2_1280.jpg