₦airaland Forum

Urolithiasis : Aetiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical features, Investigations, Management.

Seizures and Epilepsy: Types, Clinical features, Diagnosis, Management.

Status epilepticus: Definition, Management.

Tenison96: Yup tenisonben36@gmail.com

Check your mail.

Amb Fitsaint: I don't mind d syllabus too oooooo. My email is Fitsaintbig@ymail.com

Thanks

Sent.

Tenison96: Can you mail me the 100level med syllabus?

It's Pre-clinical syllabus : Anatomy, Physiology , Biochemistry. I could still mail it to you anyway.

OP just go and sleep!!

Don't operate a relationship in fear. If you can't stand the terms, walk away boldly.

It's painful to find someone we love in the wrongest circumstances. But do we love to live? Or live to love? Be wise!!

Yeah.

I remember helping a stranded Anambra girl who came to write post-utme with accomodation. Never met her before. No favours asked or expected whatsoever.

There are many level-headed men out there. We don't all have our cortical centres in our phallus.

Anticholinergic drugs: Muscarinic antagonists, Ganglion blockers, NMJ Blockers.

frankeinstein: Dr. Lomaxx,please I need the syllabus: davidfriday01@yahoo
com.
God bless you

Sent

Plasma Enzymes in Health and Diseases: ALT, AST, CK, LD, ACE, PSA, Amylase, Pseudocholinesterase.

labodinho: Sir,i need more light on *Intracranial tumour.
*HIV 1 and 2

1) Intracranial tumour is wide.
In summary, they are CNS tumours that occur within the cranial vault. Like all tumours, you can classify them based on cell type. There you have those derived from neural tube(e.g glioma), those derived from neural crest,(e.g neurofibroma) and miscellanous( e.g CNS lymphoma)

The other classification is special for intracranial tumous. They can be supratentorial or infratentorial. Never forget this classification.

Never forget this general rule too. Supratentorial intrcranial tumours are common in adults. E.g is meningioma WHILE Infratentorial tumours are common in children. E.g medulloblastoma.

All intracranial tumours are symptomatic. Either by metastases(if malignant) or by pressure effect(if benign).

As for HIV-1 and 2: They are variants of HIV. I did a seminar on HIV/AIDS earlier this year, and I remember saying that HIV-1 is found worldwide, it's easily transmitted, and symptomatic disease manifest faster.

HIV-2 on the other hand is localised here in West Africa, less easily transmitted and takes longer to manifest symptoms.

Remember that both HIV-1 and 2 are retroviruses with major and accessory genes. HIV-2 has a different composition of accesory genes from HIV-1.

HIV-1 and 2 have similarities. They both cause AIDS. They have the same route of infection.

Cerebrovascular Disease: Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke. Pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and principles of management.

Youngsage: Jeez! All in one day?

One day has 24 hours.

I doff my hat sir lomax!
Btw I don't mind having d syllabus, kindly send to stevedare001@yahoo.com. Thanks!!!

Sent

Kendzyma: Plz hw many topics do u read in a subject per day

I shared all the topics for all the days according to how bulky the topics are.

You can do at least 2 topics in a subject per day.

frankeinstein: PS: After being admitted,how did you spend your time? Did you start reading the 100lvl courses, or did you just wait for school to resume? Please reply sir.

I covered first semester syllabus in MTH111. Played around with some Physics. The rest was just low-key. A little here , a little there. I wasn't idle.

Prince adebayo: hmm,,,,dat means afta she dn give up on d guy,if he later shw interest,her interest in him can be resuscitated abi

Never try to awaken a lost interest in a girl. You will end up putting too much effort and believe me, you won't like it.

Best leave her alone. And move on.

Moving on is easy.

Sepsis in the Upper Urinary Tract : Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis, Pyonephrosis, Carbuncle, Perinephric abscess. Clinical features, Investigation and Management.

6) DELETE DISTRACTIONS

Finally, delete distractions. I don't see how you will go far in your UTME Preparation for Medicine when you're hyper-active on BBM, 2go, Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter et al. It would steal your time from your books. And there is no time. A relationship is not going to do you any good now. Focus on your studies.

This post was borne out of a Nairalander's pain to see people struggle every year without success. Work hard and you'll succeed.

See you at the top!!

5) HAVE A TECHNIQUE

My approach to the Past Questions was like this: Before every reading session daily, I solved a year, check the answers, score myself, and make corrections. After a reading session in a subject, I'll solve another year, check the answers, score myself and correct myself too. This was for the first 2 months.

The next two months, I solved the Past questions within my reading session daily...with a stop watch. I timed myself. I was working on speed. UTME Exam is a timed exam. Many of you complain of not finishing. This is how to avoid that hassle. The following months, I continued with the same flair.

4) HAVE AN AIM

After planning, you must have an aim. My aim was:

1) Cover the syllabus in Biology, Chemistry and Physics at least 3 times. Then PQs in Use of English

2) Cover the past questions for at least 15 years from the last year with focus in speed and accuracy.

To cover the syllabus, I started early. I started preparing for 2009 UME in April from September 2008. So you have to start early. If you haven't started preparing for 2014's UTME by now, I wonder what you're waiting for.

3). PLAN YOUR TIME TABLE
Nobody gets building materials and starts building. You have to draw a building plan first. Strategize. Hire workers. And go from time to time to inspect the building site, evaluate what the workers are doing, make adjustments and pay. High scores do not come easy. You have to pay a price.

So plan your timetable. Then, I knew Biology was voluminous, Physics required plenty calculations and Chemistry was just mainstream. So my timetable was like this:

Monday: Biology, Physics
Tuesday: Chemistry, Biology
Wednesday: Chemistry, Physics
Thursday : Biology, Physics
Friday : Chemistry , Physics
Saturday : Use of English, Biology
Sunday : Biology, Chemistry

2) GET A UTME SYLLABUS, TEXTBOOKS AND PAST QUESTIONS

Secondly, I got JAMB Syllabus, the required textbooks, UME Past Questions booklet in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and English . I wonder how some of you prepare for JAMB without the syllabus. There's a reason JAMB gives the UTME Syllabus. So that you will be guided. Any question that will be asked would be within the scope of the syllabus. So if you have been ignoring your syllabus, go get it.

Then the textbooks. I don't know what is obtained now. But in 2009, I used Modern Biology for Biology, New School Chemistry for Chemistry, New School Physics + Advanced Level Physics by Nelkon and Parker.

Why am I worried about a 2014 Exam in 2013? Some of us wrote UME once. I'm privileged to be one of them. My 2009 UME score was 273/400 ( I wasn't even impressed). My POST-UME score was 328/400. So I'm going to tell you aspirants exactly what I did so you can nail higher scores.

1) SET A TARGET SCORE
I had a target. My target was 290. For someone that never did science in secondary school but wanted medicine, that was crazy. But it was a target anyway. Set a high and realistic target. High enough to get you in a good medical school. Realistic enough to be achieved. Any score is achievable- if you put your mind and work hard.

There is no better time to post this than now. I know that some of you wrote UTME this year, but could not make it. This is not the time to sulk. This is not time to feel that the world has come to an end. You have to realize that what has happened has happened. So get up, dust your books and get on track.

As for aspirants of Medicine who are yet to taste UTME, you wouldn't want to take it a second time. Or a third. Again, that's why I'm here.

By now, I hope you must have sorted out the school you are applying to. It's purely a choice thing. So it's entirely up to you.

If you want to study medicine, you need a high score. Why? Because there's competition to get in. There are many people that are going to use all sorts of means to make that list. No matter where you apply to- a high score will get you in (except for schools that are notorious for despising merit). Be guided too

Ubechu1: wowww! U are a genius, which medical college are u in and what level? Or better still just PM me with your phone No, cos i hv many things bugging my mind....tnx

You have mail.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia : Pathophysiology, Clinical features, Management.

Yseone: I wil come back here testifying about my Immigration employment.....i dont care wah u think or wil say.....mark my words.

Why are you telling us?

What makes you think we care?

alutacontinua: what determines whether the movement should be peristaltic or antiperistaltic
U think

Your question is: Why is GI motility antegrade(peristalsis) or retrograde(ant-peristalsis)?

Stimulus.

•Stimulus for peristalsis is food in the gut
WHILE
•Stimulus for anti-peristalsis are GI distension, mucosal irritation, psychic stimuli(fear, odour), vestibular disturbances (motion sickness)

Different stimuli will produce different response.

Using vagal input as a criteria to differentiate between peristalsis and anti-peristalsis is not sufficient. Because these processes are not controlled by neural mechanisms alone. Take away vagus nerve from the GIT, and you will still have peristalsis and anti-peristalsis.

Remember the enteric nervous system?

During my first lecture in GI physiology, Prof. Osim concluded that the complexities of the control of GI processes by the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are enormous. One of such led to the proposal of the enteric nervous system.

Why?

Sympathetic And Parasympathetic control are not sufficient to explain all.

PS: Don't be too hard on yourself. Even the consultants know we don't have all the answers.

alutacontinua: Hmmmmmm......i thought so too until i realised that (i). The chemoreceptor trigger zone is not even the vomiting center. They're two different sites in the brain.

Yeah. I apologize for that mix-up( CTZ and vomiting centres).

CTZ is in floor of 4th ventricle while vomiting centres are in reticular formation- both in medulla oblongata.

But the basic idea still presides : that the vomiting centres send parasympathetic efferents to duodenal smooth musculature as part of the emetic reflex.

(ii). The vomiting center sends out information through various nerves.

Exactly. It sends:
1) Parasympathetic outflow to abdominal viscera( of which duodenum is among) via the vagus
2) Sympathetic outflow
3) Motor outflow via phrenic nerve to diaphragm

Remember I told you the anti-peristaltic component of the vomitting reflex is mediated by the parasympathetic outflow from vomitting centres. The other components that bring out the vomitus from the gut to the mouth is through relaxation of sphincters (due to parasympathetic outflow too) and diaphragm movements(due to phrenic nerve)

I'm thinking the anti-peristaltic motion should be through vagus nerve.

Vagus = Parasympathetic. QED

Peristalsis is also through the vagus nerve.....Now, what EXACTLY differentiates the peristalsis from anti-peristalsis?

Many differences. The anti-peristalsis associated with vomitting is not a physiological anti-peristalsis.
It is pathological.

Peristalsis involves the whole gut - from oesophagus to small intestine and to the large intestine. Anti-peristalsis, on the other hand, occurs ONLY
in the duodenum (moving vomitus from duodenum to stomach). Anti-peristalsis of vomitting does not go above or beyond the duodenum.

Is it the fact that the stimulus now originates from the vomiting center rather than nucleus ambiguus

Maybe. Vagal outflow (parasympathetic) will always stimulate GI motility- whether peristalsis or anti-peristalsis

Urethral trauma and stricture

alutacontinua: Pls guys, what causes the anti-peristaltic movement prior to
vomiting in the gut?

• Parasympathetic efferent outflow from vomitting centre in chemotrigger zone (in medulla oblongata) to duodenal smooth muscle causes the anti-peristaltic motion.

• Funny enough, it occurs only in the duodenum.

• The movement of the vomitus through the stomach and oesophagus via the pylorus and lower oesophageal sphincter does not depend on anti-peristaltic motion. Rather it's via
1) sphincter relaxation;
2) diaphragm movements;
3) involuntary contraction of abdominal musculature.

Prostate Cancer : Epidemiology, Pathology, Clinical presentations, Investigations and Management.