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CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 10:36pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
Those areas are historically yorubas, politically edo

They are akoko edo from a branch of akokos in ondo state benin only ruled over them
An evidence would have helped you do a better job of chasing this people out of the Edo ethnic group.

Even though your brothers here on Nairaland are silently calling you fool.

Any such evidence?? grin cheesy grin
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
I posted this a fews years ago in one of my created threads
I think you're getting yourself confused already. You're replying to a different comment from what you intended.

But to shut this too down as I have been doing, an Edo blog does not constitute an evidence.

You've being humbled on the second thread on this very issue.

What then is the point of coming here hoping to cover your shame with Edo blog which has been trashed in the second thread?

See the link below to the second thread for a reminder:

https://www.nairaland.com/5894619/benin-influence-yorubas#90351928
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 10:29pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
Nothing makes them yorubas in this picture


The headline tagging them yorubas was wrong those are not yoruba people
The photograph itself has a legible handwritten annotation which reads:

Oluwo (King of Iwo) and his wives.

Stop pretending to be blind. Or are you? grin
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 10:24pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
The namelust in ososo towns are yorubas

Claiming edo was a political move and not historical, tho edo ruled over them in historical times but originally they are akoko yorubas who fled to edo
First of all, the settlements of Benin kingdom raided by Aje include:

Ososo, Osi, Ebune, Ugbosi, Ibillo, Ekor, Ekpesa, Lankpese, Ibiekuma, Ekpe, and many others.

So, your damage control about Ososo on the basis ?Wikipedia is not only false but also useless and laughable. cheesy

Moreover, the testimonies of the Ososo people themselves (and all these other Edo people) make it clear that they aren't Yorubas but Edos.

These peoples clearly identified "Yoruba" as separate and distinct from themselves.

Listen again:
"Ososo people say their [ancestors'] houses [were] burnt by Yoruba [during the Ibadan raids of Benin Kingdom]".

Reference:
See attachment.

CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
So whats your version of ogedegbe lets hear it
Thanks for admitting that what you've been saying is nothing but conflicting mouth-to-mouth regurgitation of Edo blogs' super-stories [NOT history] for the purpose of sensationlism aimed at gullible Edo audience.


To correct you, I don't have what you called "your version". Unlike is is usual with you, History is not to be made up in the mind of individuals.

As far as History is concerned (from an objective and academic point of view), Ogedengbe was going about raiding and sacking territories to capture slaves for domestic purposes, to forcefully enlist them into his ranks, and to sell some abroad obviously.

The Edos he captured were just another unfortunate victims of his different incursions. For him, there is nothing peculiar about Benin Kingdom. It's just another potential unfortunate territory just like others.
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12: 10:05pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
.
Keep searching!

Hopefully someday (when you grow up) you would find one evidence which says he was stopped, or killed, or captured by the Edos/Binis. grin cheesy

Thank you for providing "evidence" that Ogedengbe raided Benin Kingdom for ?months.
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
(1) Ogedengbe never steped in benin city he only raided edo north to edo central

(2) were he stoped at igueben and was driven back by the esan warriors by the orders of the oba of benin

(3) Ogedengbe was later captured by the British and was later released untill he died in1910
(1) For your statement to be perceived as sane, you will have to show that he intended to capture Benin City and not simply Edo/Bini slaves.

More like Oyo warriors capturing Hausa slaves and then a ret@rded Hausa internet warrior says:

WeLl, tHe OyO wArrIorS DiDn'T cApTuRe aNyOne fRoM KaNo.

Hello, Hausa slaves is want they want and that could be from any Hausa kingdom, they didn't set out for kAnO. Gosh!

I wonder what the military of Benin Kingdom in charge of those parts of their Kingdom were busy doing while he slave-raided for ?months before returning.

(2) Even after several plea and begging for evidence to substantiate this statement, you still couldn't produce any -- not one line of statement.

Even your disgraceful allusion to an Edo blog didn't support you.


(3) Oh he wasn't killed in an engagement anymore. grin

He was only captured and then released to let go and die later. cheesy grin grin cheesy cheesy grin

Interesting shameless Benin spin. But you have to make up your mind though

But in any case, I am waiting for the evidence for this latest spin.
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
Do you know why i like quoting you, you seem not to quit in the face of defeat, you will still find
Words to say, you are unlike the others who finds finds thier words while using as bait

Anyway i deliberately tagged you on this post i know you will run coming, and as soon as you do that, the others will come around....
If you had any concrete reply to what you just quoted, you would definitely have presented it instead of the super-story you typed here.

More like being defensive and projecting your very own insecurity and flaws on your interlocutor. grin cheesy
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
Edo blog yea it is but it was an interview record made by a Yoruba man not edo


Edo blog only copied the audio speech into written documents

While you wont take it serious others will
It doesn't matter who Edo-world blog claimed to get any super-story from.

The point is Edo-world blog is a non-authoritative amateurish source for layperson like yourself.

To any sane serious person, such doesn't constitute historical evidence by any stretch of the imagination.

The so-called writers/admin of the blog are mere lay-persons and dullards like yourself who writes sensationally for specific audience and then attribute the statement to be from an interview with God, or Oba of Lagos, et al. grin wink cheesy
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
Benin kindom is diff from benin city....

So did he enter benin city
Oh you just admitted that Ogedengbe captured Edos as slaves from your Benin Kingdom.

But your joy is that he did not wipe off the whole kingdom including the capital. cheesy

Well, may be you should read out to everyone what Ogedengbe's military mission/agenda document says about his original intended destination -- The capital of Benin Kingdom?

No, his mission was to capture non-Yoruba slaves with his specific target at that point being Edos -- Benin Kingdom.

Benin Kingdom's military failed to stop him from enslaving their people.

Still waiting on your evidence of his death at the hands of the Edos who he enslaved and tortured.
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12: 9:30pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
More.....


BabaRamota1980
Olu317
TAO11
grin grin grin grin grin Did you just post a screenshot from an Edo blog and passed it off as academic evidence?? cheesy grin cheesy OMG! rotflmao! cheesy

Anyways, that's all you could afford -- Edo blogs from where you all regurgitate super-stories into each others' mouths.

If you had an academic evidence (such as a peer-reviewed academic journal article, etc.) I am 100000000% certain that you would have presented it.

Such statements is no more than super story. No substantiation whatsoever.

What remains affirmed as fact is that Ogedengbe raided in Benin Kingdom capturing many Edo as slaves.

Moreover, even your Edo blog is yet to support your imagination that Edos killed Ogedengbe. grin cheesy
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12: 9:21pm On Jun 05, 2020
Edeyoung:
Did ogedegbe venture to benin
Yes Ogedengbe raided in Benin Kingdom capturing many of your people as slaves.


I am still waiting for your evidence that he was killed by the Benin people after enslaving and torturing them.cheesy cheesy grin
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
(1) We killed the thug... Ogendegbe in esan land he never steped foot in benin how would he cross the benin walls and the ditch surrounding it

Ogendegbe was stop at esan


(2) Ibadan raided his people in edo north the yoruba people who fled to edo for oba safety
They still keep thier yoruba names today
(1) Now Ogedengbe of Ilesa is a thug because he raided Benin Kingdom and took captive of your people. grin cheesy

Anyways, if there was any evidence that a single Edo finger was raised against him (let alone kill him) I'm sure you would not have hesitated to share such evidence. cheesy

The only evidence available in academia, however, remains the fact that Ogedengbe descended against Benin Kingdom and took many captives.


(2) Aje of Ibadan raided the Edo settlements. The people he raided are from:

Ososo, Osi, Ebune, Ugbosi, Ibillo, Ekor, Ekpesa, Lankpese, Ibiekuma, Ekpe, and many others.

Your brothers like davidnazee have surrendered their lie and with shame admitted these are all Edos.

The people themselves (according to their own testimony as stated in Bradbury's account attached below) shows clearly that they are Edos, and that the Yorubas are a different people.

See link for a reminder of where you fled from.

https://www.nairaland.com/5846948/benin-yoruba-speaking-empire/9#90343032

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 6:19pm On Jun 05, 2020
BabaRamota1980:
Thank you for bringing this out. There was distinct division between Edo and Bini. Nigerian politics muddled things up and it was further diluted when Edo state was created. There is distinction between Bini and Edo. Edo are slaves, Binis are aristocrats and nobles. Yhese guys here Edos, none of them is Bini. They hope and struggle to be Bini. When i used to come here regular and spit on their ancestors i always tell them they can never be Bini. Their response is always that there is no difference or distinction, that Edo is Bini. Till date I have never heard Lagos monarchy say it was from Edo. They aleays claim Bini root. Ypruba dont give a fvk about Edo. Bini belongs to us. That has always been my focus here. Edos are slaves to Bini. I will fvk up an Edo person. They are witches. Becareful dont touch any broom on a stick. These people are wicked. Look in Edo history and you see its all about exile, banishment, treachery, enmity, uprising, poisoning. They are wicked. I tell Yoruba if you ever fall in love with anyone in Edo State make sure to do your homework and ascertain their ancestral background. They must be Bini, not Edo. Wicked people. I cant stand Igbo but I have sympathy for them because they have been through a lot. I cant stand Edo and I have zero sympathy for Edo. In fact ill fvk Edo up. These people are wicked. They anger me.
Lol. Noted!
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
BabaRamota1980:
Edeyoung, i read the book attachment from TAO. Did you read it? Is a 24yr old man what you call small child? Its either you are lying or Dapper is lying. Both of you agree attendants to Oba are naked. So when did you start putting clothes on your attendants. When you began clothing them, what styling of clothe was used to cover them? You don waka enter trap now.
The attachment shows also that even 25 years old women used to go about the streets n@ked.

So, it's not peculiar to the men, princes and nobles of their palace.

It's simply a Benin default for both women and men to go about stark n@ked.

Clothing was the exception.
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
ayoola27:
I read the other attachment ...it clearly states that Yoruba were employed in the palace...as slaves ...not like it was their their lingua franca...

even father Columbine of Nantes was chased out of Benin because he angered the chiefs

I'm still waiting for the book sha
(1) Regarding your reference to "the palace" in the so-called "other attachment", the author (Thornton) himself made it clear that he was unsure if those so-called "Yorubas" were indeed Yorubas ethnically (e.g. the Oyos, etc.) or merely some people from a different ethnic group who have only adopted the Yoruba language (e.g. some Baribas, etc.).

(2) The statement about Yoruba language being the lingua-franca of the whole Benin Kingdom is separate and distinct from the above scenario.

The fact that Benin Kingdom used Yoruba language as lingua-franca is attested by the French missionary father's documentation at Benin in the 1600s. This has been cited again and again ad-nauseum.

In fact, your so-called "other attachment" which you alluded to also cites the French missionary father's work on the historical fact that Benin Kingdom and others used Yoruba language as lingua-franca.

Check the last bottom lines of your so-called "other attachment" (in the 3rd attachment below).

Cheers!

cc: Amujale

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
ayoola27:
what's the name of the book u posted
I know you can see its name at its top.
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
... again children and slave was not allowed to wear clothes until they are adult
Edeyoung:
... In benin ancient times slaves and children don't wear clothes untill adult age ...
You see, remorseless unrepentant liars like you (who lie through their teeth like you do) are the reason why I expose Benin Kingdom to the whole world.

Wait! What difference does it make if "children" are not allowed to wear clothes in your Kingdom until when your Yoruba neigbours "forced" you into civility?? grin cheesy

Moreover, your spinning on "children" is totally irresponsible and unfortunate. It's a great lie.

The truth is that in Benin Kingdom, men and women are expected to roam the street stark n@ked.

N@kedness was the Benin default. Clothing was the exception to the rule.

Quoting from the attached documentation, we read:

"... according to Dapper, "No man is allowed to wear any dress at all at court ... There are men at the King's court, twenty and twenty-four years old who without any semblance of shame go about naked, only wearing a chain of corals or jasper round their neck."

We also read from the same attachment as follows:

"Likewise, the women are not allowed to wear clothes ... So you can see there, women of twenty and twenty-five years going along the streets perfectly nude without showing any shame."


In sum:
In Benin kingdom, for both men and women, n@kedness was clearly the default, while clothing was the exception. Thanks to the Ijebus. Thanks to the Yorubas.

Stop the lies!

cc: BabaRamota1980

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
Those were your people who escaped from thier yoruba areas to seek refuse in edo
They bear yoruba names and they are called akoko edo a branch from akoko people from ondo....
If ibadan raided them why truly didnt they install thier person as king

Agsin ogendegbe was killed in edo
(1) No sorry! But I understand how this makes you feel though embarassed. You brought this upon yourself. Lol.

Anyways, Ososo, Osi, Ebune, Ugbosi, Ibillo, Ekor, Ekpesa, Lankpese, Ibiekuma, Ekpe, and many others are all Edos in Benin Kingdom.

In fact, one of your brothers here, davidnazee has already admitted that all these are Edos.

So, don't worry about your damage control. It's not useful.

Guess what! Sane people don't even need you or davidnaze to know that these are Edos.

The testimony of the people themselves make it clear that they weren't Yorubas but Edos.

Listen again: "Ososo people say their [ancestors'] houses [were] burnt by Yoruba [during the Ibadan raids of Benin Kingdom]".

Listen again: It was a raid, not a conquest to dwell amidst them. The objective of such raid is simple. It is to capture these Binis and keep them as domestic slaves or sell them overseas.


(2) This is not the Ogedengbe Ilesa raid on Benin Kingdom.

No, this is the Aje Ibadan raid on Benin Kingdom.

Two different raids and rape of Benin Kingdom by the Yorubas.

And I am waiting for any academic piece which says Ogedengbe was killed by the Binis whom he raided and tortured. cheesy

cc: BabaRamota1980

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12:
MetaPhysical:
TAO,
God bless you!

We have not given Ijebu people their dues. There are records crediting Ijebu people as the origin of clothing and weave designs all over bights of benin and biafra. Their designs went as far as Calabar.

Just by studying Ijebu clothing and its distribution on the coast it also touches on the culture of Ogboni shoulder drape and certain patterns and motifs. Which should debunk the claim of gregyboy on Ogboni origin.
He is such a joke about his claim on Ogboni.

And you're correct, brother, about the Ijebus' "shoulder drape". It is called "Shàkì". It is used by the awos as part of their regalia.

I'm quite ?certain that it is unique to the Ijebus' awos (Ijebu's Ogboni, etc.) -- at least from what I know of their regalia.

I am more acquainted (first hand) with the practices found among the Ijebu communities of Lagos particularly.

And by the way, the Ogboni group is known among Ijebus (of both Lagos and Ogun) by the alternative name: "Òshùgbó".

The origin of Ogboni is well embedded even in the salutations/greetings of the Oshugbos (Ogbonis).

An Oshugbo (Ogboni) member greets another memeber by saying:

"Oshugbo re agbalagba Ufe" [roughly translates: "Behold Oshugbo -- the elder-sage of Ife"].

And the member replies saying:

"Ogbo-Ato" [roughly translates: "May you live long with sound health"].

In the Ogboni's greeting, it is super clear that its origin is clearly acknowledged to be Ife.

This is universal!
CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 7:06pm On Jun 04, 2020
Edeyoung:
We civilized you guys and gave you clothes thought you all our worship even sold you as slaves...


You all came to trade with the whitemen at the benin river from your vsrious location were the oba laws fully influenced you......



You're lesving in dreams copy copy tribe
Even as at the late-1890s/early-1900s, Binis were still largely roaming the streets st@rk n@ked. European accounts document all these details. See attached. I hope this helps kill your bigotry.

Thanks to the Ijebus who brought you all clothes in unprecedentedly large quantities.

cc: MetaPhysical, Olu317

CultureRe: Who Is Historically Superior Among Alaafin Of Oyo,ooni Of Ife And Oba Of Benin? by TAO12: 3:54pm On Jun 04, 2020
gregyboy:
Most yorubas wont even read or even debate thier own history, not to say other people's history


They keep arguing thier history all around myth with no scientific consideration or factual analysis this tribe called are know for living in denial.....

Even wen politics is concerned
Did you finally find the white man who made-up Ekaladerhan to deceive gullible Binis? /s grin

Because we all know (including you) that Ekaladerhan is a made-up joke. /s

See reminder below:

CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12:
davidnazee:
... And for your foolish talk about Benin speaking Yoruba, that is a big lie. It is not written anywhere that Benin spoke Yoruba ...
I hope you find peace soon and also escape the obvious strong deadly grip of inferiority complex. cheesy

See attached!

cc: MetaPhysical

CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12:
davidnazee:
Nobody (including scholars/historians) acknowledges this rubbish you wrote as significant enough to study or research ...
You talk too much. grin

See attached from Professor R. E. Bradbury himself. The most authoritative historian of all time on Benin History.

Certainly before the Nupe army conquered many territories of Benin Kingdom, an Ibadan military commander, named Aje, had led Ibadan forces to slave-raid Benin Kingdom. He sacked many settlements in Benin Kingdom.

Bradbury suggested that the Ibadan raids may have also continued even after the Nupe invasion of Benin Kingdom.

Reference:
R. E. Bradbury, The Benin Kingdom and the Edo-Speaking Peoples of South-Western Nigeria, p.112.

cc: Metaphysical

PoliticsRe: Wanted: Yoruba National Development Plan by TAO12: 2:07pm On Jun 04, 2020
In addition to the foregoing, I randomly stumbled accross the attached just now, so I thought I should put it out here.

cc: RuggedSniper

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 1:39pm On Jun 04, 2020
Edeyoung:
https://www.nairaland.com/5894619/benin-influence-yorubas
I like to inform you that at that link, I have alluded to the historical fact of how Ibadan sigle-handedly raided Benin Kingdom for slaves and also sacked many territories of Benin Kingdom.

I hope this helps kill your bigotry!

Note: The attached is a page from the late R.E. Bradbury -- the foremost authority on Benin Kingdom.

CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12: 1:34pm On Jun 04, 2020
Edeyoung:
https://www.nairaland.com/5894619/benin-influence-yorubas
I have responded to this link there where I alluded to the historical fact (also attached evidence) of how Ibadan raided Benin Kingdom for slaves and sacked many territories of Benin Kingdom.
CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
No sense bro,

If benins spoke lucumies language what changed, yorubas still speak lucumie today why only did edo change

Or was the french classifying all languages around the benin region as lucumies....

Or was the french man high....


What changed lucumies language in benin to edo language

Sadov gave a clear example that the lucumies were slaves in the palace and were still sold off by benins to the the whiteman as slaves
Your questions (regardless of how many they are) has zero power to erase the clear content of the report.

If you may also ask: How did many European countries gradually dis-adopt Latin as lingua-franca and re-focused on their own indigenous languages?

Questions like this wouldn't alter (even slightly) any historical fact about its former adoption.

The content of the report therefore remains unchanged.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The Report:
The language/lingua-franca of Benin is the Yoruba language.

(2) Edeyoung:
The report says that the language/lingua-franca of Itsekiri, Ijebu, and some places outside Benin is the Yoruba language. grin cheesy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

No, the report doesn't say 2 anywhere. grin

For all sane persons with zero inferiority complex, the report says 1 plainly.

grin cheesy


Anyways, you may continue to hold on to your plain opposite if you think it helps you sleep at night (especially during these tough times). cheesy

I can't force you into sanity. Neither can I force sanity.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Having said that, I like to remind you that Ibadan for many, many years raided Benin Kingdom for slaves while sacking many territories of Benin Kingdom.

This is also an entirely different scenario from how Benin City was at the mercy of Ogedengbe Agbogungboro of Ilesa. grin

I hope this helps kill your bigotry!
CultureRe: Benin Influence On Yorubas by TAO12: 1:13pm On Jun 04, 2020
Whenever you all feel obligated to be a bigot, let it sink in you all that:

Ibadan raided Benin Kingdom for slaves.

Ibadan sacked many settlements in Benin Kingdom.


This is not to mention how Benin City itself was at the mercy of Ogedengbe.

CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12:
Edeyoung:
Like i maintained earlier benin was the known geographic focal point that's why, it came into the statement it was never included as speaker of lucumies as you are saying


Sandov didn't mention lucumies as a language in benin even when he reported the actvites of the palace


We knew the yorubas came to trade with the whiteman at the benin river at ughoton and Gelegele so the yorubas traders spoke thier language lucumies while trading at benin

So the french was not wrong.....


Today we still speak edo and yorubas still speak yoruba if benin spoke Yoruba why did they switch why only them.... If we are to go by your explanation
Lol ...

(1) The Report:
The language/lingua-franca of Benin is the Yoruba language.

(2) Edeyoung:
The report says that the language/lingua-franca of Itsekiri and Ijebu is the Yoruba language.

No, the report doesn't say 2 anywhere.

For all sane persons with zero inferiority complex, the report says 1 plainly.

grin cheesy



Anyways, you may continue to hold on to your plain opposite if you think it helps you sleep at night (especially during these tough times). cheesy

I can't force you into sanity. Neither can I force sanity into you. No, I can't.

CultureRe: Benin Was A Yoruba speaking Empire. by TAO12: 7:37pm On Jun 03, 2020
Edeyoung:
Start getting your fact right land grabbers edo state is bigger than ogun state you tribal bigot
Edo state is the third biggest state in Southern nigeria and we got oil and gas
In terms of natural resources no joke. no south western state can be in competition with edo...
If we are to select each south west state one one after the other against edo state they wont be a match anywere near Edo.....

We still waiting for TAO11 book
https://www.nairaland.com/5761595/benin-kingdom-edo-state-remained/49#90245051
CultureRe: Benin Kingdom In Edo State Remained Part Of The Expansive Yoruba - Ooni Of Ife by TAO12: 7:25pm On Jun 03, 2020
Edeyoung:
The fact it mentioned lucumies were employed in benin palace activities makes it already known that lucumies were distinct people from the benins.....

Areas surrounding benins still speak Yoruba (lucumies language today)

The yorubas such as Itsekiris ijebu and the whiteman used to trade in benin river and this people spoke the lucumies language and it was universal to them

Gregyboy screenshot further explains it....
Yes lucumies are distinct people from Binis. I'm surprised you're just realizing that. cheesy But that's even only one aspect of the whole thing.

The issue here, however, is about the lingua-franca of BENIN Kingdom being the language of the lucumies.

The documentation does not talk about the language of the "areas surrounding Benin" ... lol ... neither does it talk about the language of the "Itsekiri" ... lol... nor does it talk about the language of the Ijebu ...lol.

It clearly refers specifically to the language (lingua-franca) of Benin Kingdom being the Yorubas' language.

See the attachments once again for a reminder. grin

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