₦airaland Forum

lefulefu:
of course yes nau ,,thats why some have many boyfriends and sugar daddies .one mugu will be sending her school fees and the other will be paying for her rent .thats why i say any man that pays monthly or weekly stipends to a girl under the name of relationship is a foolish man cos that money u waste under the name of relationships u can use it for other worthwhile projects.a wise working class dude tries to save some of his money when he earns well and not spending it on gwenfwends .u use ur money train a girl in school and even if she no dump u after she graduate and u lucky marry her she becomes a housewife and sits at home all day doing nothing.dat money wey u take train her in school na complete waste abeg .

lefulefu:
na cos hungry full naija nau .here u can take a girl out and na just icecream una go take and she will be ok.no friends or nothing just u and she.

chrizdave:
So much Simps on the forum really. Ya all be crying and acting as if when you are in a relationship, you are mandated to give our money or spend much more that you can.
You the man. You decide when to spend and how much to spend and how long to spend..
Being in a relationship doesn't mean you have to let displease yourself to please anyone..
It all boils down to one thing. Ya all still worship asses and women!
If you are in control of your relationship, you would not have the issue of spending more than you intend to.
There are levels you put your serious relationship to that the girl herself would give you freedom to do whatever you want only on the condition you use some Jacket.
I thought it was a lie when I first came across this from Hardddon and Ubunja's posts.

My own girl begged me to only cheat only on the condition I use condom �

Get your girl to that level and see you control woman in any way you want.

Read up and digest some redpill shit.
You don't need to act it all 100%.

Just 80% and you are good to go!

lefulefu:
the way we do boyfriend and girlfriend relationship in naija is quite funny .when i tell some ladies here that in my country some guys place their girlfriend under weekly and montly allowance the ladies will always ask me if such girls dont work.the girls here think its strange when a man start giving a woman stipends because of relationship .anyway naija babes are lucky cos the guys here no dey send their girls like dat oo even though their girls are preety.

pcguru1:
Who is this one ? are you alright

DaddyMorenike:
White pant

lefulefu:
u dont need to ask her ...just dey play around with her and sooner or later she go fall for u .friends of benefit is actually cheap cos na once in a while u fit give her money wen u feel like unlike a girlfriend u will be giving money everyday,monthly or weekly .

Jacqueline22:
1. Height
2. Nice smell
3. Dress sense
4. Cute face with pink lips
5. 6pack lol
6. Plenty and well shaved beard
7. Dark complexion
8. The way he walks. I like seeing guys on pure white polo

SweetCunt97:
Male smell then

HeeBraHim2:
Here we go, even money fit the bearded man than non bearded.

Someone who have do me a big favor if he or she told the name and where get d cream dat will make me have beard

missimelda01:
This situation ehn.. e get as e be
Don't worry, God will provide a lady that will love you for who you are .

Honestly it feels good to stroke a man's beards while falling asleep

lefulefu:
op if u feel lonely u can get friend of benefit
u dont need to have girlfriend or gilrfriends to be with a lady

SweetCunt97:
That muscled arms while working out plus that whiff of male goaty smell ... Lol... Not the bad smelly body odour type o.



Sexual attraction is simply important, it can't be forced. It can't come out of pity.

Leezah:
What’s the first thing that sexually attracts you to someone?

Witcher:
Our deepest sympathy. Who eats pig like seriously.. Gross and I hope this is not a fake news.
Why RUGA is the only solution
Since the return to democracy in 1999, Nigeria has been grappling with diverse security challenges, chief among them are insurgency, election violence, kidnapping and most recently, the herder-farmer conflicts among others. The north central states of Benue, Plateau and Nasarawa and other states have experienced conflicts that led to thousands of deaths and displacements as a result of clashes between pastoralists (herders) and local farmers in several communities. In January 2018 alone, Amnesty International reports indicate that 168 people were killed as a result of herdsmen-farmer clashes.1

Struggle over grazing land and scarce resources have over the years resulted in perennial and growing violent conflicts in terms of frequency, intensity and geographic scope. Underpinning the escalation in frequency of conflicts in Nigeria is a confluence of environmental and demographic forces, especially desertification caused by climate change and population explosion. Expectedly, with the depletion of arable land for subsistence farming largely as a result of increasing urbanisation and the adverse effect of climate change, especially along the Lake Chad basin, there is increased struggle between herdsmen and farmers – leading to violent confrontations and conflicts, deaths and forced displacement, as well as the destruction of agriculture and livestock. The persistent attacks in Benue state have had a spill-over effect on the neighbouring state of Nasarawa. In January 2018, the News Agency of Nigeria reported that over 18 000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) were in 11 camps in Nasarawa state.2

Internally displaced persons
Dozens of internally displaced persons (IDPs) form a circle at the IDP camp, occupied largely by women and children, affected by the herders and farmers violent clashes on the outskirts of Makurdi, Benue State
A major cause for the escalating intensity of the conflict is the increasing proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria. Given that host communities (including farmers) also have access to sophisticated weapons, minor disagreement or provocation often degenerates into violent clashes, resulting in widespread destruction of property and human casualties.

This article interrogates the theoretical underpinnings of the conflict and analyses the trends and dynamics of the conflict. Recommendations are proffered to end the incessant herder-farmer conflicts, and by extension halt the killing and displacement of people.

Theoretical Underpinnings
There are many theoretical explanations for the causes and nature of the herder-farmer conflict in Nigeria. The conflict is best described with the use of social conflict theory. The theory sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources and power which are not evenly endowed by nature. Proponents of the theory view society as a gathering of people of diverse needs and interests with limited resources to meet their needs. This creates inequality that generates social conflict and social change. Karl Marx is considered the father of social conflict theory.

Civil rights movement
A civil rights movement protests the ongoing bloody clashes between herdsmen and farmers in the vast central region (14 March 2018). (STRINGER/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)
Social conflict theory basically looks at struggles for power and control in society as a major causal factor of conflict. Conflict occurs when two or more actors oppose each other in social interaction, reciprocally exerting social powers in an effort to attain scarce or incompatible goals and prevent the opponent from attaining them. The quest for dominance and power becomes the currency rather than consensus. Based on this premise, governments at local, state and federal levels have not been able to address the contending issues between herdsmen and farmers or assist them in reaching some consensus.

Overview of the Conflict
The movement of herdsmen and subsequent clashes with farmers and host communities in recent times has heightened insecurity in Nigeria, particularly in the North Central region and by extension in other parts of the country. The driving force of the clashes is the competition for available resources, especially grazing land. It seems that the government has abandoned the grazing reserve system created by the Northern region government in 1965. Then, the government created over 417 grazing reserves in the north.3 Under the grazing reserve system, government provided space, water and vaccinations for the livestock while the herdsmen paid taxes to the government in return. However, the discovery of oil and subsequent exploration and export made Nigeria an oil economy, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. Subsequently, the grazing reserve system was abandoned due to the neglect of the agricultural sector as the mainstay of the country’s economy.

Consequently, grazing reserves which were under a neglected agricultural sector could not be sustained. It received little or no attention from succeeding administrations. As a fall-back, herdsmen began to resort back to their traditional and seasonal grazing routes which had been interrupted or interfered with by industrialisation, urbanisation, demographic and other natural factors. This then led to clashes and conflict with farmers and host communities. These conflicts have been on the increase in recent times and now constitute one of the major threats to Nigeria’s national security.

To address these challenges, the Federal government in June 2015 constituted a Strategic Action Committee to look into the issue and make recommendations that would help government address the problem. A major stakeholder in this effort, the umbrella body in the cattle rearing business, the Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association (MACBAN), agreed that the effect of climate change and desertification was a major causal factor leading to trans-human movement from North to the South annually.4 Since climate change and other associated factors are beyond what farmers or herders could address, there is need for concerted efforts by the government, private sector, regional bodies and the international community at large to come together to address these challenges.

Desert encroachment
Desert encroachment and other climate changes affect the livelihood of herdsmen as they push further south in search of available space and land. (WORLD BANK)
Triggers and Enablers to the Conflict
There are a number of factors that combine to escalate the conflict among the identified actors. Some of these include: climate change and environmental degradation, depleting arable land for farming, and lack of political will to tackle the challenges.

Climate Change
Climate is a critical factor in the activities of herdsmen and farmers. The changing climatic condition, generally referred to as global warming, is no doubt taking a toll on the survival of herdsmen and farmers business. The desert encroachment from the Sahara towards the Sahel region and other associated climatic conditions have continued to affect the livelihood of herdsmen as they push further south in search of available space, pitching them against farmers and host communities. This global phenomenon is currently affecting many parts of the world with attendant consequences – including the herdsmen-farmer conflict.

Depleting Space for Farming
Constant urbanisation and demographic shifts in the present day world has increased the tendency and likelihood of farmers to move further afield for farming activities. At independence in 1960, the Nigerian population stood at about 35 million people.5 However, 58 years later, it has leaped to over 180 million people and the growth is expected to persist in the near future.6 Population increase of this magnitude also means a geometric increase in the demand for food products as a basic human need. This also implies an increase in the quest for farming space for farmers. Conversely, industrialisation and urbanisation have continued to claim all available land, leaving little or nothing for farmers’ survival. The continued movement of herdsmen southwards in search of pasture for their animals has pitched them against farmers, eventually leading to conflict and destruction. For example, farming along the Benue River accounts for over 20 000 tons of grain annually.7 This same area is also fertile ground for herdsmen to feed their cattle. Thus, farmlands within the river bank areas are the most affected by the movement of the herdsmen – resulting in a number of clashes.

Protestor
A protestor holds a placard during a demonstration against herdsmen killings (16 March 2017). (REUTERS/Afolabi Sotundte)
Lack of Political Will
The government at all levels has demonstrated near absence of needed political will to proffer lasting solutions to the conflicting claims of different actors in the ongoing conflict between the herdsmen and farmers. Political leaders have failed to invoke appropriate legislations to be backed by action that would define rules and limits for parties involved in the conflict. At the regional level, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has a Protocol on Trans-human Movement, though the framework is yet to be fully implemented at national levels. Lack of political will remains a hindering factor among member states. Political will to implement this protocol and other frameworks remains an enabler to the conflict. The Federal government, in the past, has made efforts to regulate and control pastoral activities, but it appears that adequate political will is needed to enforce laws. For instance, the government is perceived from some quarters, especially by opposition parties, as being sympathetic to the activities of the herdsmen. This perception is likely due to the fact that the President is Fulani, the same ethnic group that dominates the cattle business. Citizens, especially from the most affected states expected the federal government to deal with the herdsmen-farmer conflicts in all parts of the state with the same vigour and determination it showed in similar internal security issues in other parts of the country.

Industrialisation and urbanisation
Industrialisation and urbanisation continue to claim available land, leaving little or nothing for the farmers. (JBDODANE)
The Government’s Strategic Response to the Herdsmen-Farmer Conflict
Creation of Grazing Reserves in 1965. In 1965 the northern regional government initiated one of the first attempts to respond to the herdsmen-farmer conflict in the country.8 The grazing reserves allocated large portions of land to be exclusively used by herders to rear their livestock. However, the grazing reserve system was not supported adequately. The government was still in the process of initiating legislations to legitimise the grazing reserves before natural factors such as population growth and other related consequences like urbanisation, and migration encroached on these designated areas reducing the herders’ chances of accessing the reserves.
Establishment of the National Commission for Nomadic Education (NCNE) in 1989. The federal government in 1989 established the NCNE and it is supported by the Nigerian legal system. The main goal of the programme was to integrate nomadic pastoralists into national life through mobile basic education and skill acquisition. The programme intended to integrate them into society through education.
The Use of the Armed Forces to Curb Internal Security. One of the Federal government’s immediate measures to address the herdsmen-farmer conflicts is the engagement of the Armed Forces of Nigeria as enshrined in the Constitution.9 For example, in Plateau state, in 2001, the government deployed a Special Task Force called Operation Safe Haven (STF-OSH) to check insecurity resulting from the herdsmen-farmers clashes. Recently, the OSH mandate was expanded to replace Operation Harbin Kunama II in Southern Kaduna state whose mandate was similar to that of OSH in Plateau.10 Presently, many are calling for a total declaration of a state of emergency in Benue and Plateau states as a result of the gruesome killing and displacement of thousands of people in those states. Nigerians also expect the government to activate all the necessary sections of the constitution regarding the use of the military in internal security. This call came as a fall-out of recent action taken by the government to suppress the Indigenous People of Biafra’s (IPOB) agitations in the South-East and similar uprisings in other parts of the country. The military was deployed in September 2017 in an operation code-named Operation Python Dance to suppress the IPOB agitation and protests.11
Establishment of the National Grazing Reserve Bill 2016. A National Grazing Reserve bill was sponsored in 2016 at the parliament to address the herdsmen-farmer conflicts. The Bill did not survive due to opposition from different stakeholders. Those that opposed the Bill hinged their rejection on the provisions of the Land Use Act of 1978 which vests all powers related to the regulation of ownership, acquisition, administration, and management of Nigerian land with the state governors.12 Thus, the Land Use Act is an Act of the National Assembly, and by implication, a binding legislation, unless it is amended. State governments and their representatives at the parliament have always opposed any attempt to establish grazing reserves in their domain. They consider it to be usurping the constitutional powers vested in them.13
Proposed Cattle Ranching System 2018. In reaction to increasing conflicts and mass killings resulting from seasonal pastoral movements, the government in 2018, as a matter of policy approved a 10-year National Livestock Plan at a cost of about 179 billion naira. The plan would culminate in the establishment of 94 ranches in 10 pilot states of the federation.14 Again, state governments, especially in the South and North Central areas rejected the proposal on the grounds of not having enough space for such projects.
Legislation Prohibiting Open Grazing. As part of measures to end the persistent conflict between herdsmen and farmers in various states, government at state levels began enacting legislations prohibiting open grazing in their state. This, they hope, would reduce the risk of herdsmen destruction of farm lands and the associated conflicts. Benue, Ekiti and Taraba states are leading this opposition by enacting state laws prohibiting open grazing. On 22 May 2017 Benue state enacted the Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law (2017)15 and its implementation began on 1 November 2017.16 Ekiti and Taraba states have also signed Bills prohibiting open grazing in their states. This makes open grazing under any guise, an illegal activity punishable by law.
The Great Green Wall Agency of the Federal Government. In 2013 the Federal government established the Great Green Wall Agency to tackle desertification. This was in response to the 2007 African Union Great Green Wall Initiative that aimed at encouraging member states to plant 8 000km of trees along the Southern Sahel to counter the effects of desertification along that area. Continued desert encroachment along the Sahel region as a result of climate change is a major factor responsible for seasonal migration of herdsmen from one region to the other in search of water and vegetation for cattle grazing.
Great Green Wall Agency
Federal government established the Great Green Wall Agency to tackle desertification. (UN PHOTO/NEKTARIOS MARKOGIANNIS)
Recommendations
The Federal government of Nigeria should deploy a Joint Task Force comprising military, police, paramilitary and civil institutions to all the affected states as an immediate response to the conflict. This will help restore law and order and build confidence of the general populace in the ability of the government to respond to threats. The military could be deployed to the conflict zones to create safe and secure environments peaceful enough to inject long-term strategies for ending the conflict and engaging in peacebuilding.
There is a need to encourage community policing leveraging on the already existing vigilante system in most states. Community policing will help in intelligence gathering about the conflict while civil police would respond to such threats. This will help address the challenges of waiting for the federal government to deploy security to states when there is conflict.
The Federal government should revisit the 1965 Northern Region Government’s Grazing Reserve System and remodel it to deal with contemporary threats. The grazing reserves and live-stock routes have also been encroached by farmers and the activities of urban developers. The abandoned grazing reserve system operated in the 1960s has to be revisited.
The Federal government should vigorously pursue a holistic campaign that will seek the support of all actors, including herdsmen, farmers, state and local governments, to accept the idea of modern ranching as an alternative to traditional migration of herders which causes friction and other associated threats.
Conclusion
The herder-farmer conflict has become more significant in the last two years. Although the government had in the past taken some measures to address this phenomenon, the increasing desertification and the effects of climate change have further increased the drive for the herdsmen to move further south in search of grazing land and pasture for their livestock. These southward movements always pitch them against farmers and the host community whose crops are regularly invaded and destroyed by the cattle during this seasonal movement. The result of this is increased conflict, death, displacement and the total destruction of properties. However, because the phenomenon is a human security issue, there is a need for a concerted effort at state, national, regional and international levels to address the challenges, especially since there is no specific legislation that is dedicated to addressing the peculiar needs of herders and farmers in the country.

AngryIgboMan:
I have said this before and I will repeat it again;

This man may have murdered and maybe a lighter used to burn and char his hand to make it look like a charger accident.

Research has proven it over and over again that the volts contained in a phone charger cannot kill a human being. Even, how many times have we seen were an electric current killed someone? Our impulses are designed in such a way that a single shock will jolt you away in a split second to keep you safe.

If not that Nigeria is a very useless country and an irredeemable zoo filled with very hopeless people in large proportions, a forensic department of the police will be able to discover many fingerprints on this man's body.

What am I even talking about. Do we even have a police force not to talk of the forensic department? They are busy running after yahoo boys who brings money! Hopeless nation who their criminal, irresponsible politicians have stolen away there past, present and future.

SoNature:
Sorry I checked your profile out

You are beautiful

Professorcplus:
error 404 comment modified Computer gurus in the house is it possible to upgrade/update from windows 7 to other versions especially 10l?

oloriooko:
I decided to google OAU student portal to see if i can check my information (1998/99 session) but was shocked to see that the portal only covered 2006/2007 session to date!!! This is a big disappointment for a school with OAU's reputation and academic prowess.
The website https://eportal.oauife.edu.ng/login.php is grossly inadequate and totally useless to most students of the institution.
I hope someone somewhere will see this post and rescue the Great Ife from this shameful act of insolence.
Great Ife for life!!!

Dan18:
All these nairaland stories. If I don't see them on national TV I can't believe.

killALIEN:
you are a mumu Man!!
your father must be a police man.
i laughed out loud when i heard ''SARS'' in maiduguri. for 9 good years. there was never a trace of anything Police around that route. thats the major road that leads to Maiduguri until early 18, and when they hear one gun shot, they disappear to their station few steps away from the Beinesheik military base. their station is just between an F.O.B and a military check point. they hide between the military and are completely shielded by the military stationed at Beinesheik.

now to my point; those Police men aka ''SARS'' mounting road block between Beinesheik and Maiknok are terrible extortionist. i could recall many time they are told to return the money they've collected from those motorist and never mount those illegal point, cos they are of no relevance to the axis. they are solely there to steal from innocent motorist.

people wey dey japa if them hear one sound!

POINT TO NOTE: they go lay their illegal check point just about a 200 meters away from military FOB. so how do you say a combined police team of not less than 10 men with their rusty AK 47 could withstand whatever shit is going on in that axis without military involvement. believe anything police at your own lost.

soon we will be able to curtail all this akara story from these akara O.Ps.

StarUp:
The same SARS that harass innocent Nigerians? Wait a minute, do we have two factions of SARS in Nigeria? Ayam not understanding...

DivideUs:
Yes it's the north that is a big problem to America, I'm guessing the almost 80 Nigerians arrested recently are all northerners, wait how many are northerners again?

Mdaz:
Why should Nigeria’s be on this list wen most of the Boko Haram members are from Mali, Niger, Cameroon who r not on the list

brashear:
Introverts suffer in people oriented business or career. like you have to create your customer base, networking, telling people about your business and you don't even have up to 50 people on your contact list. It can be frustrating.

Factfinder1:
Serves him right

Some men see women as toys and play tools


Have you seen how some ignorant poor men insist on being served by a lady in a bar/restaurant all because they want to touch them,look lustfully at them and crack very dry and dirty jokes...some will be continuously calling the female waiters to come out to waste their time with stupid talks thereby hindering them from attending to other customers...spits

LadySarah:
Not making excuses for her though but he kept touching her after severally warning him. She didn't know it will end up killing her.

One just lost his job cos of touching too.

Get the message, when a woman says no tke it as no. Going further could result to something regrettable.

poshestmina:
Handsome and stupid.

poshestmina:
The bastard would be bouncing about in dirty Okrika jeans and tennis shoes that looks like what they used to quench bombs during Biafran War.

seunphotography:
I know this dude back then in OAU, they call him uncle Bisi
I’m not surprise at all, he was on ex girl friend case back then, almost a decade now ... he’s found of the statement ... “iwo, mo ma shey pa soonest “
I pray he doesn’t go unpunished