TalkElectricNG: Do you use prepaid meter at home? Does your prepaid meter run out fast? Do you wish to increase the length of time it takes before you go to refill your prepaid meter card? Then this piece is ideally for you.
BE CONSERVATIVE
Turn off appliances not needed at any particular point in time. Sometimes we tend to leave our Tvs and other appliances on standby mode. While this may be a trendy thing to do, it is not a good energy conservation principle.In some homes the accumulation of appliances on standby mode could be enough to power a small fridge. By turning appliances not needed on at a particular point in time you simply save electricity by doing so.
WATCH OUT FOR EFFICIENCY
Buy only energy efficient appliances. Appliance A and Appliance B could be the same thing but their energy consumption may not be the same. This is usually reflected in their prices. Conventionally the more the energy efficiency of an appliance, the more expensive it is. However, the money pays back itself from the energy consumption. Always look at the wattage or power of the gadget and see if it is worth buying.
GO FOR DIGITAL INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
For appliances with compressors, look out to see if it is inverter compliant. It is usually written on the surface of some products like washing machine and refrigerators. For ACs, LG has led the way in this technology with their innovative LG Inverter V Gen Cool cooling unit. Inverter compliant compressors save more energy.
INSTALL A SOLAR WATER HEATER
If you use hot water regularly. It will save you more energy and hence less energy bill if you install a solar water heater once and for all and not heat your water using electricity. Solar water heaters are very efficient as they turn 80% radiation into heat. Once installed you will be using free energy to heat water. The cost of heating water from public utility daily in 5-12 months is enough to install a solar water heater. This simply implies that they are very cheap to install.
LED TVs ARE LIT
Replace the LCD tvs at home with LED tvs. LCDs consume as much as 3 times the energy an equivalent LED tv will consume. The beauty of LED is that you can even control and set the power consumption to lower levels yourself using the ecological friendly mode. They save a lot of energy.
Increase thermostat of the fridges.
Just like a house, a refrigerator will use less electricity if its thermostat is re-set to a higher (warmer) temperature. Owing to the singgle-evaporator design of most refrigerators, a change of temperature in the
freezer compartment generally results in a temperature change in fresh-food compartment Grimes et al. Grimes examined the impact of compartment temperature on energy use on 1977-vintage automatic defrost refrigerator. Energy consumption rose 26% from the warmest acceptable to the coldest possible settings. A more recent study of nine large, 1993-vintage US refrigerators found 6.5%increase energy consumption for 1 degree centigrade reduction in freezer
Switch to LED bulbs.
LEDs save more energy than the ring like white energy saving bulb. By now we no longer talk about the incandescent bulbs but for the sake people who do not know. Incandescent yellow bulbs consume a lot of energy. Two 60w bulb is equivalent or even more than an efficient 6 feet standing fridge. We place emphasis on LED bulbs because they are the most energy saving bulb in the market. This piece is a detailed explanation of how LEDs save energy more than the other types of bulbs available in the market.
EXPLORE FREE ENERGY IF YOU ARE GREEN
Use appliances in the middle of the day when you’re generating more solar energy. For example use appliances such as your dishwasher and washing machine during the middle of the day rather than in the evening. The reasons are obvious. You can turn of the input into your inverter to have the inverter supply power to these loads using your sun energy. By doing so, power consumed by such appliances will not read on your pre-paid meter. You would have saved yourself a lot of money by doing so.
CONTROL THE THERMOSTAT OF WATER HEATER MANUALLY
Another good money saving tip that you can do is to turn down the thermostat of your water heater. The truth is you are not always washing your hands and taking a bath all the time. You can reduce the thermostat to 120 degrees lower. You can do this after everybody in the house has taken their bath or when going to bed. This is a huge money saving technique.
PROVIDE GOOD INSULATION AT HOME
One of the most beneficial saving energy techniques you could use is to reduce the power consumption of your home or building. How can this possibly be done? By the use of ceiling insulation that is installed by experts in the field of insulation, you will reduce the energy needed to keep your home or building at a comfortable temperature which in turn leads to less strain on the heating and cooling systems which saves you money and increases your chance of saving energy and the environment. Using this saving energy technique will eradicate the single largest contributor to global warming while putting money back in your pocket! It’s a win win situation.
CLEAN THE AIR CONDITIONER FILTERS REGULARLY
Air conditioners consume a lot of energy if the air filters are dirty. They tend to work more when these air vents are dirty. It is a good practice to clean these air filters at least once in every month. In climes or periods when the environment is really dusty, it is advisable to do so twice a month. A lot of energy will be saved by doing so.
In conclusion, as energy prices continue to escalate, it is best to control the amount you pay on energy bills by investing in energy efficient appliances.
TalkElectricNG: Clean energy will replace fossil fuel in the near future. It existed years back and today is continually improved upon.
In a sense, the fossil fuels are a onetime gift that lifted us up from subsistence agriculture and eventually should lead us to a future based on renewable resources and clean energy. — Kenneth Deffeyes
The fuel in the earth will be exhausted in a thousand or more years, and its mineral wealth, but man will find substitutes for these in the winds, the waves, the sun's heat, and so forth. (1916) — John Burroughs
"By definition we must move towards renewable energy. How can people argue against that? To argue that is to say that eventually we will run out of energy and die or civilization will collapse." —Elon Musk
The amount of energy the sun generates is enough to power the whole world on a 24 hr basis but harnessing this energy in the most efficient way is the task scientists are to undertake. Lately a lot of incredible innovations on clean energy are going on. TalkElectricng will like to share some of them with our esteemed readers.
Tesla roof tiles
Residential solar roof tops have been in existence for so many years and still hold a large chunk of the market space in terms of clean energy power generation. However they have their drawbacks. A couple of home owners complain about how they spoil the design architecture and aesthetics of their houses. Notwithstanding the fact that solar roof top over the years have dropped in prices and provided good Return on Investment, Mr Elon Musk had a proposition.
With the question "Would you like a roof that looks better than a normal roof, lasts twice as long, costs less and by the way generates electricity?' It's like, why would you get anything else?" The founder of Solar city and Tesla battery came up with a game changing idea-Solar roof tiles.
The roof tile technology made from glass and solar cells is unique. The solar cells are embedded in the tiles. Panasonic makes a very robust solar cell that generates power for up to 30 years. What the company has kept a little bit of a secret is the inter connection technology of the tiles.
Elon Musk once said that the electric architecture of the solar roof system was proprietary to Tesla and they didn’t want to go into details about it, but they did briefly discuss the development of the system
The clean energy enterpreneur said that making the connectors robust involved “a shocking amount of technology”:
“This is a connector that has to last for more than 30 years. It has to be weatherproof, heavy rain, snow, slush, salt, water leaking – it’s like connector hell.”
The roof tile went on sale in America on the 10th of May 2017. Tesla opened up its online store and is taking US$1,000 deposits for two of four options unveiled in October: a smooth black glass; and textured-glass roof tiles. From most viewing angles, the slick shingles look like standard roof materials, but they allow light to pass through from above onto a solar cell embedded beneath the tempered surface. The first installations began in the United States in June. However orders from all over the world began too for 2018 installations
For more questions on how these roof tiles work you can visit Tesla or Solar City websites or you can read more about it here.
Solar paint
Researchers have developed a solar paint that can absorb water vapor and split it to generate hydrogen – the cleanest source of energy.
A silica gel like compound makes up the paint component. Works also as moisture absorbent and keeps food ,medicine and electronics dry
But unlike silica gel, the new material, synthetic molybdenum-sulphide, also acts as a semi-conductor and catalyses the splitting of water atoms into hydrogen and oxygen.
Lead researcher Dr. Torben Daeneke, from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, said: “We found that mixing the compound with titanium oxide particles leads to a sunlight-absorbing paint that produces hydrogen fuel from solar energy and moist air.
“Titanium oxide is the white pigment that is already commonly used in wall paint, meaning that the simple addition of the new material can convert a brick wall into energy harvesting and fuel production real estate.
“Our new development has a big range of advantages,” he said. “There’s no need for clean or filtered water to feed the system. Any place that has water vapor in the air, even remote areas far from water, can produce fuel.”
His colleague, Professor Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh, said hydrogen was the cleanest source of energy and could be used in fuel cells as well as conventional combustion engines as an alternative to fossil fuels.
“This system can also be used in very dry but hot climates near oceans. The sea water is evaporated by the hot sunlight and the vapour can then be absorbed to produce fuel.
“This is an extraordinary concept – making fuel from the sun and water vapor in the air.”
Actuators
They work by translating the revolutionary motion of a motor into linear movement. Actuators enjoy a long life, and generally do not require maintenance as they have few moving parts. So using actuators is another way in which solar energy is more efficient because it allows freestanding panels to track the sun as it moves across the sky to maximize solar gain.
Energy storage
To date, one of the biggest impediments for solar energy is that the sun doesn't always shine. Large-scale energy storage is gaining traction by the day. It means that towns and cities can store solar gain during the day for use at night. And some of the ideas for solar storage are pretty innovative!
Compressed air: Using abandoned mine shafts or salt caverns to pump gas into during daylight hours. Use the compressed air at night to drive turbines and generates energy.
Pumped Hydro: Another way to store energy is to pump water uphill into a large storage reservoir during the day. Release the water at night to flow downhill where it drives turbines.
Molten Salt: Grid production of excess required energy led to innovation. Heat molten salt to temperatures in excess of 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit from excess energy. The heat from the molten salt creates steam which drives turbines and generates energy in increased electricity demand.
omorogied: Igbanke People Of Edo State In Search Of Linguistic And Cultural Identity by OMOROGIE
This is my candid and unbiased idea on how our proposed memoranda to the CONFAB should look like. This, in no way, is final copy of it. Please, lets have it subjected to a comprehensive analysis with the view to removing things considered irrelevant and injecting those viewed most appropriate. IGBANKE IN SEARCH OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL IDENTITY INTRODUCTION Language and culture are two of the most fundamental factors that unite and identify a people . A people and their race go into extinction once their language is dead. Once a group of people who share similar linguistic and cultural affinity are dismembered or have other language and culture super-imposed on them, the resultant effect is gradual, systematic and eventual disintegration of the people, their language and culture. A classical example of a people who have suffered aforementioned linguistic and cultural annihilation were the Sects. Sects, the original owner of the present-day England were, in the 4th century, attacked by the three Germanic tribes- Jutes, Saxons and Anglo-Saxons. The imposition of the dialects of the three Germanic tribes led to the total extinction of the Sectic language. Though, the descendants of the Sects are still in England, but their linguistic and cultural identity have gone into oblivion. To this extent, the people of Igbanke in Orhionmwon Local Government Area, Edo state are face the Sects experience. Igbanke is one of the few Ika-speaking communities in Edo state. For this singular reason, they are subjected to all forms of discriminations and marginalization. STATEMENT OF FACTS ON THE SUBJECT MATTER The language and culture of the good people of Igbanke are losing their envious identity and relevance in culture-linguistic market-place in Edo state in particular and Nigeria at large. Several reasons are evidently present to support the fears and anxiety of the people of Igbanke that our identity as a people would go into sudden extinction if urgent measures are not quickly taken to address our emasculation by Bini language dominance. The following points support the facts of the subject matter: 1) Igbanke is one of the few communities in Edo state that speak Ika language 2) Igbanke is located in Orhionmwon Local Government Area, Edo state. 3) Igbanke, by name is in Orhionmwon LGA, but geographically, we do not share common boundary with any community in the council 4) From the eastern flank, Igbanke shares common boundary with Mbiri, an Ika speaking community in Delta stae, from west, it’s bounded by Oghada, another Ika speaking community in Uhunmwode LGA in Edo state. In the northern sphere, Igbanke has boundary with Ekpon, Ika speaking community in Igueben LGA while from the south, it has Agbor and Oza- Nogogo, Ika communities in Delta state as neighbours. 5) Igbanke is in Edo south senatorial district 6) Igbanke people and community came under the Bini empire during the latter’s expantionist programme. 7) Most of other Ika speaking communities that were conquered by Bini empire same time with Igbanke have gotten their independence in Delta state while Igbanke, Oghada, Otobaye, Iru, Ekpon and Ogbeka etc are selfishly scattered in three local government areas with the attendant linguistic discrimination and political marginalization. coolIgbanke are gradually losing their linguistic and cultural identity as a result of our involuntary affiliation to the Bini language-speakers dominated Orhionmwon LGA. ISSUES FROM THE STATEMENT OF FACTS Consequent upon the facts drawn from the subject matter, some issues could be deduced to support Igbanke search for linguistic and cultural identity. These issues would go a long way in justifying our position. 1)Igbanke was deliberately, but selfishly carved into Edo state during the 1991 state creation irrespective of the linguistic difference between the people of Igbanke and the dominant Bini speaking population of the state. 2) Over 96% of Ika speaking communities in the defunct Bendel state were carved into Delta state while Igbanke and a handful other Ika speaking communities were severed into Edo state where they are presently subjected to acute linguistic and sundry discriminations 3) Because of linguistic factor, the people of Igbanke feel more at home with their kiths and kins (Ika speaking people) in Edo and Delta states. 4) Igbanke is made up of six (6) autonomous clans: Ake/Obiogba, Idumu- Odin, Igbontor, Oligie, Omolua and Ottah. These clans were governed by traditional rulers called ‘’Eze or Obi’’. These terms were of Ika origin, but have been forcefully changed to ‘’Enogie’’ a Bini term by the conquering Binis. 5) Our ancestral heritage like language, names and beliefs are being systematically destroyed by the domineering power of the Binis. ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF ISSUES RAISED 1)Most Igbanke indigenes who have Ika ancestral names like, “Emeka”, “Maduka”, “Chukwuka’’, “Chinyere”, “Amaka and “Ogorchukwu etc are often confronted with all forms of harrowing experiences when there are needs to visit our council headquarters, Abudu to process one official documents or the other. We are often denied the issuance of documents like, ‘’Certificate of Local Government of origin’’, Protest Letter’’, To Whom it May Concern’’ etc on the guise that we are Igbos not Binis. 2) Those who have the likes of the Ika aforementioned names, but can speak Bini language are rarely subjected to the above embarrassments and discriminations. This act goes a long way to vindicate our fear that there is a subtle, but carefully planned agenda to make us lose and abandon our ancestral linguistic and cultural heritage. 3) In order to escape from these unnecessary embarrassments, some have no other option left than to change their identity from Ika to Bini names. 4) Today, we, the good people of Igbanke are gradually losing our once envied linguistic and cultural identity. 5) Some of the eminent sons and daughters of Igbanke, whom out of their outstanding contributions to the development of the community, were recognized and given chieftaincy titles had had such titles changed from their original Ika origin to Bini equivalence. For example, few years ago, one of our sons who addressed himself as “Chief Orike-Eze” in Oba of Benin palace was shamefully harassed, insulted and forcefully forced, right in the palace to change the title to its Bini version. According to the palace, the title, “Orike-Eze” had its origin from Ika and Igbo nations. 5) Most times, when we have cause to attend meetings with the Binis in our local government area or senatorial district, deliberations are often conducted in Bini in language without considering the fact that the people of Igbanke in such meeting neither speak nor understand the language. Often than not, when we attend such meetings, we left the venue more confused than we were before we went. 6) In Edo state, Igbanke is only tolerated, not respected, seen, but not accepted. Today, in Edo state, plans are underway by the state Ministry of Education to introduce the teaching of Bini language in Primary and Secondary schools across Edo south senatorial district including Igbanke. Unfortunately, our indigenous language, Ika is not in any way considered qualified and appropriate to be taught in schools in Igbanke. To us, its another deliberate attempt to send our linguistic identity into extinction. 7) Our people have also suffered several inexplicable discriminations when it comes to political appointments. During the 2013 Edo state local government elections, one of our sons, Mr. Peter Ikem was refused to contest the chairmanship position in Orhionmwon local government area. Reason? His surname, “Ikem” was an Igbo, not Bini name. PRAYERS/ RELIEFS SOUGHT Sir, based on the foregoing, we therefore, solemnly ask for the folling: 1) A local government be created that would comprise all Ika speaking communities scattered in Orhionmwon, Uhunmwode and Igueben LGAs of Edo state. Some of the Ika speaking communities in Edo stateinclude: Orhionmwon LGA ----Igbanke, Iru, Ohezenaka, Otobaye, Ugbeka Uhunmwode LGA ----- Oghada Igueben LGA ------- Ekpon 2) Where, for any reason, creation of a local government area that would consist all Ika speaking communities is not in the immediate possible or feasible, we therefore ask that Igbanke be severed from Edo state and merged with our kiths and kins in Ika south local government area in Delta state. 3) The people of Igbanke should be seen, recognized and accepted as Ika people residing in Edo. 4) That Igbanke people, based on our forceful membership of Edo state, reserved the natural and inalienable right to decide, at any time, either to continue our membership with the Binis in Edo state or join our Ika kiths and kins in Delta state. CONCLUSION Igbanke is an Ika speaking community in Orhionmwon local government, Edo state We, the people Igbanke are gradually losing our linguistic and cultural identity as a result of our forceful membership with the Binis through conquest. If urgent measures are not taken, our linguistic and cultural identity would sooner than later go into sudden extinction. In order to avoid the impending extermination of our race, we therefore, ask that a local government area be created that would consist of Igbanke and other Ika speaking communities in Edo state. Alternatively, if local government creation is not feasible or possible, Igbanke, should therefore, be severed from Edo state and merged with Ika south local government area in Delta state.
Efewestern: thanks for your submission, but am just hearing this for the first time.. itsekiri don't make use of olorogun so how can we take it from them? yes I know the name has a strong root in Yoruba that's why I created this thread so we can get contributions from people like you.
about the DNA, hmmm lemme do a little research on that.
ophare fratermathy Sanchez01
^^^^^^^^^^ OK @Efewestern
Waphyguy is Urhobo - based in the U.S. and you will see his 2 YouTube DNA videos online.
The very important one is the 6minutes 26 seconds video below entitled: My Ancestry DNA - Part Deux!
Romance › Re: ... by Konquest: 7:47am On Jul 02, 2017*. Modified: 10:54pm On Jul 06, 2017
TrapQueen77: I don't know if I'll be asking for an advice but I want to share my own experience with this guy...
Anyway, after I recovered d password of my email address I started answering PMs randomly til I bumped with this guy ...we started exchanging messages on email til I asked him to move on to whatsapp.. Since I'm on holiday atm, we entertained each other thru chats & calls .. Til one cold evening (Honestly, he has this sexy & irresistible voice tat every girl wud fall in love with )
So, while we're having our casual discussion. I found myself was the one who kept talking while he's quiet. I asked him what he was doing? His happy jolly voice suddenly turned into a bedroom voice, so enticing and I heard a familiar noise tho ...I asked him but he denied at first but I convinced him at d end.. Yes, he was jerking off! ooh mehn...
Men are juz so nasty
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ @TrapQueen77
... crazy, hilarious stuff! Got my entire being cracking with laughter right NOW.
liftedhigh: Instablog9ja shared a video of a Nigerian "big boy" who allegedly stole an iPhone. He was given a rain of slap that he could hardly explain himself...
exlink10: A husband and wife have landed in serious trouble after they were found with a phone belonging to a woman who was kidnapped and murdered in Imo state.
The husband found with the mobile phone of 45-year-old Mrs. Amaka Okere, who was kidnapped and murdered in Mbieri, Mbaitoli Local Government Area of Imo State, said the phone was given to him by his wife.
According to Vanguard, the duo identified as Emeka Adibe his wife, Monica were paraded by the Imo State Police Command in Owerri, on Tuesday 26th June 2017. The state Commissioner of Police, Mr. Chris Ezike, said:
“You will recall that on March 1, Mrs Amaka Okere, aged 45, of Mbieri in Mbaitoli Local Government Area of Imo State, was kidnapped and murdered.
“Investigations are in progress. Emeka Adibe and Monica Adibe were arrested on June 15 in Rivers State and the victim’s telephone handset recovered from them.” While confessing, Mrs Adibe said it was her twin sister’s husband who gave her the phone.
Monica said:
“I am a native of Arochukwu in Abia State; I am married with two kids. I went for a child dedication in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. “While preparing to return home, my sister’s husband gave me a phone. I did not know it was not his. When I returned home, my husband saw the phone, took it and started using it; the Police arrested him.
“I came to ask why he was arrested and the Police also arrested me.”
Her husband Mr. Emeka Adibe, said:
“I swear, I don’t know anything about the phone. It is my wife that brought it and the police saw it and arrested me. This phone has put me in trouble.” Editor's Note:
Clearly, this couple maybe innocent of any crime and instead Nigeria Police will investigate and get to the root of the crime, they are parading the suspects already. This is just sending a message to the culprit to run away. These couple should have been kept secret until investigation is over.
What kind of policing is this abeg?
This is the reason why most federal judges hate police with passion. They will never do their work diligently, instead they will rush and parade suspects unnecessarily. And a good lawyer will just appear in court and bust their cases wide upon. That is why they loose a lot of case. Same thing with EFCC.
^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ The lady's sister and her husband who gave out the phone will be apprehended soon by the Police IRT that is if they have not been apprehended by now.
Beware of so-called used phones please. Even a non-smart phone!
fratermathy: Nigeria is a multi-ethnic nation with diverse ethnicities. Many foreigners, and even Nigerians belonging to majority ethnic groups, have little to no knowledge of the various minority ethnic groups that proliferate the nation. What comes to mind when they think of Nigeria is that there are only the Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa ethnicities. This view is sustained because the Nigerian constitution recognises only those three ethnic groups as the major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Every other ethnic group is treated as a minority ethnic group.
The concept of a minority ethnic group is quite faulty in the Nigerian context. Some ethnicities that are deemed to be minorities have well over 2 million people (a minority ethnic group in the real sense should have a population of 1 million or less). However, within the Nigerian context, if you are not Igbo, Yoruba or Hausa, you are a minority. The big three (WaZoBia) have always been at the centre of Nigerian politics and history. Only a few enlightened persons know much about Nigeria's other 250+ ethnic groups. Even those who know them have various misconceptions about the ethnicities. The situation is so bad that many Yorubas, Hausas, Igbos and even those from minority groups, assume that the minorities in the South are all Igboid or Igbo sub-groups, while those in the North are all Hausas or Hausa sub-groups.
This thread will attempt to state some facts about Nigeria's minority groups as a means of educating Nigerians and non-Nigerians alike. My focus will be on the minority groups in the South-South geo-political region and parts of the middle-belt region of Nigeria (both regions were created exclusively for minorities). There are also many minorities in Nigeria's North but they deserve another thread entirely.
1. The Urhobo ethnic group occupy Delta Central/South senatorial districts and is the most dominant ethnic group in Delta State. They share the same culture and worldview with the Isoko of Delta State (both are regarded as one group by many persons).
2. Ijaw is regarded by many as the 4th largest ethnic group in Nigeria with Urhobo coming as 5th (contested claims). Efik-Ibibio also claims to the be the 4th largest ethnic group in Nigeria. The Tiv are also regarded by some as the 4th largest ethnic group in Nigeria. No proper and current census has been done to validate the many population claims.
3. Itsekiri is a Yoruboid ethnic group whose ancestors were migrant fishermen of Ijebu, Ikale and Ilaje sub-groups of the Yorubas. However, their monarchy is of Bini descent and this created a hybrid culture with elements from Yoruba, Bini and their neighbours, Urhobo and Ijaw.
4. The first person to get a university degree in Nigeria was an Itsekiri king. His name was Dom Domingos (Atuwatse I). He graduated from Coimbra University, Portugal, in 1611. He also married a Portuguese woman. The Itsekiris are among the first group to make contact with the western world and due to their hospitality and warmness, that early contact favoured them quite well.
5. There are more than 20 ethnic groups in Cross River Central and North that are not related to Efik. Many of these ethnic groups speak languages that are regarded as Bantoid (from Bantu). Some of them are Ejagham (Ekoid), Boki, Bekwarra, Bette-Bendi, Ikom, Leggbo, etc.
6. The ethnic groups in Cross River South and Akwa Ibom form a cluster known as the Akwa-Cross cluster. All of the languages in the cluster are related and mutually intelligible to speakers. However, they are all regarded as separate ethnicities. Efik is spoken in Cross River South (Calabar and environs), Ibibio is the largest ethnicity in this cluster and it is spoken in Akwa Ibom (Uyo and environs), Anaang is spoken in Ikot Ekpene and environs, Oron (Oro) is spoken in Oron town and environs, while Ekid (Eket) is spoken in Eket, Esit Eket and environs.
7. The Andoni ethnic group of Rivers and Akwa Ibom is related to both the Ijaw and the Ibeno (Ibibioid) ethnic groups. Andoni people occupy the coastal areas of Rivers (Andoni LGA) and Akwa Ibom States (Eastern Obolo LGA).
8. The Isoko ethnicity of Delta State used to be regarded as Eastern Urhobo until 1958 when James Otobo moved a motion for a separate Isoko province. This marked the beginning of a separate Isoko political identity. Isokos share the same culture and worldviews with Urhobos but they speak a different dialect that many Urhobos cannot understand.
9. The Ogoni ethnic group of Rivers State occupy 4 LGAs (Tai, Eleme, Khana and Gokana). They all speak different dialects of Ogoni language. Eleme in particular claims to be a different ethnicity from the Ogoni.
10. The Idoma people of Benue State trace their history to the Kwararafa confederation of the Junkun, in modern day Taraba State. They have historical and cultural ties with the Igala.
11. The Baruba people of Kwara State are split into Nigeria and Benin Republic. They are a very reserved people and have strong Islamic values.
12. The Gbagyi people are the most populated ethnicity indigenous to Abuja, Nigeria's Federal Capital. They also occupy Kaduna, Kogi, Nasarrawa and Niger States. They are called Gwari by the Hausa-Fulani people. Nigeria's former military ruler, Gen. Babangida is a Gbagyi man.
13. The Nupe people occupy Kwara and Niger States. They are predominantly Muslims and have an emirate known as Bida Emirate. Nupe people are reserved, agrarian and peaceful.
14. Islam was introduced to the Etsako people (Auchi and environs) of Edo State by the Nupe people.
15. Epie-Atissa (Yenagoa) people, Engenni (Rivers), Degema (Rivers), Urhobo-Isoko (Delta), Esan, Bini, Etsako, Afenmai, and others in Edo State are all Edoid groups. Their ancestry can be traced to Benin and they speak loosely related and mutually unintelligible languages. They are all regarded as different ethnicities, with the exception of Epie-Atissa which has joined the Ijaw confederation.
16. The Anioma people of Delta State (Delta North- Asaba and environs) speak related Igboid languages. Anioma is an acronym for Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ika, and Oshimili (subgroups comprising what is regarded as Delta Igbo). However, these groups are constitutionally acknowledged as different ethnicities and they speak different dialects, apart from the Enuani (Aniocha and Oshimili) who speak a dialect of Igbo very close to Onitsha dialect.
17. Ikwerre, Ekpeye and Ogba (Akalaka brothers) speak loosely related Igboid languages. They trace their history to Benin like the Edoid groups. Ikwerre is the dominant ethnic group in Rivers State.
18. There is no language known as "Ijaw" language. Ijaw is an ethnic marker for the confederation of ethnicities that chose to identify as Ijaw. The main language many of the core Ijaw people speak is called Izon, with Kolukoma-Opukuma regarded as the standard written dialect. Other languages spoken by the Ijaws include Nembe, Ogbia (a Cross River Language), Epie-Atissa (Edoid language), Kalabari, Okrika, Nkoroo, Defaka, etc. Nigeria's former president, Goodluck Jonathan, speaks Ogbia, while his wife, Patience Jonathan, speaks Okrika.
19. The standard variety of Urhobo is Agbarho dialect while that of Isoko is Uzere dialect. Other dialects in the Urhobo-Isoko cluster include Uvwie, Okpe, and Erhowa.
20. Itsekiri has no dialects. The language is the same in all Itsekiri locales. It is one of the few languages in Nigeria with this feature.
21. The Tiv (Benue), Junkun (Taraba), and Kuteb (Taraba) people were once together in a federation known as the Wukari Federation. The fall of this Federation marked the outwards migration of the constituent groups, especially the Tiv.
22. The Ebira people of Kogi State trace their history to the Kwararafa Federation, the Junkun successor to the Wukari Federation. They are predominantly Muslims. They occupy Okene and its environs.
23. The Igala people of Kogi State have historical and cultural ties with the Igbo people but they speak a Yoruboid language. A few scholars claim that the Igalas migrated from Umueri. Other scholars claim that Igalas are a hybrid of Idoma and Yoruba.
24. There are over twenty ethnic groups in Plateau State. Many of them have shared beliefs, religion and world view. Among them are the Berom (Jos and environs), Tarok, Afizere, Kofyar, Jarawa, among others. They speak loosely related languages and many use Hausa for inter-ethnic communication. Christianity is the dominant religion among the minorities in Plateau State.
25. There are over twenty ethnic groups in Kaduna State. Many of them have a largely Christian heritage and are dominant in Southern Kaduna. Among them are Gbagyi, Gwong, Atuku, Bajju, Atyab, Gure and Ninkyop. Many of the Southern Kaduna people can speak and understand Hausa.
26. The Olukumi people of Delta State are Yoruboid and they are surrounded on all sides by the Delta Igbos (Aniochas). Most of them are coordinate speakers of Igbo and Olukumi (a Yoruboid language). They are the micro-minorities of Delta State and their language is faced with extinction.
27. There is no ethnic group known as "Edo". Edo is a word that describes a variety of ethnic groups with a common origin although many use it to refer to the Bini people. Edo is actually the name of a slave which an Oba appropriated to his empire after the slave saved his life. The ethnic groups that are described as Edoid have only little in common. Their languages are not mutually intelligible and their cultural beliefs are quite distinct. The ethnic group occupying Benin City is the Bini people.
28. The Ikas and Ukwuanis of Delta State trace their origin to modern day Edo. According to their myths, their ancestors were migrants from Benin. However, they speak Igboid languages, not Edoid languages.
29. Some minority languages are taught at the primary, secondary and university levels in Nigeria. The languages that are taught at the university level include: Urhobo (Delta State University, Abraka), Izon (Niger Delta University, Amassoma and University of Port Harcourt, Choba), Ikwerre (University of Port Harcourt, Choba), Bini (University of Benin), and Efik-Ibibio (University of Calabar and University of Uyo). Many others are taught at the College of Education level.
30. All of Nigeria's commercial crude deposits are within the territories of minority ethnic groups in the South-South region of Nigeria. The highest producers of the nation's crude include the Ijaw, Itsekiri, Urhobo-Isoko, Eket, Oron, Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Ogba and Ukwuani. Small quantities of crude oil can also found in Ondo (Yoruba), Abia (Ukwa East & West -Igbo) and Imo (Egbema & Oguta). Lagos State (Yoruba) has recently joined the league of oil producing states in Nigeria and oil has been discovered in the Lake Chad Basin (Kanuri) of North Eastern Nigeria.
Bonus: Apart from crude oil, Nigeria's minorities are blessed with intellectuals (Urhobo, for instance, is said to have one of the highest concentration of Professors, Medical Doctors and Lawyers in Nigeria), mineral resources (Urhobo also has the highest gas deposits in Nigeria, gold is present in Plateau State), rich culture (the Ijaws and Itsekiris have various boat regattas and amazing festivals), historical monarchies (the Bini monarchy, the Itsekiri monarchy, the Calabar (Efik) monarchy, the Igala monarchy, the Nupe monarchy, the Jos monarchy, etc), tourist attractions (Calabar Carnival, Port Harcourt Book Festival, Ox-Bow Lake in Bayelsa, Oba of Benin's Palace, Confluence of Rivers Niger and Benue at Lokoja, etc) and many other natural and human resources.
These are only some of the interesting facts about Nigeria's various minority ethnic groups. Do you know of other interesting facts? Kindly comment and keep the thread moving. You may also comment if you spot any error(s) or misconception(s).
- Written by Iroro Orhero (literarymathy[at]gmail.com). - Do not copy without acknowledging the writer and/or the source.
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ @Fratermathy
Well done!
This is a well written post. I love the fact that YOU emphasized the relationship between the Yoruboid and Edoid groups in Delta State, i.e., the Itsekiri/Urhobo where you have a high level of intermarriages which makes them to be direct cousins.
You dutifully noted the contradictions in which ethnic group is the 4th largest in Nigeria with the Ijaws claiming to be the 4th largest even when we had the last census with the ethnic and religious criteria being demanded from citizens in the 1960s!
I must state that in your number 26 subject there are many communities in Aniocha North that have Bini, Esan, Yoruba, Asaba and Igala origins. If you check the Idumuje-Unor entry in Wikipedia, you'll find out that it is made up of mainly Bini, Esan, Asaba, and some Yoruba ethnicities! Idumuje-Ugboko indigenes migrated from Idumuje-Unor 300 years ago and it is North of Idumuje-Unor. The MD of Rainoil, Gabriel Ogbechie is from Idumuje-Ugboko. @Ehikwe22 who is from Ika actually said their is nothing like Delta Ibo in one of his posts since Delta North is made up of a mix of several ethnicities who speak some languages that have borrowed Iboid words.
Your post is the type of neat and intellectual posts I love to read on Nairaland.
Efewestern: Olorogun is a title which means Chief in Urhobo / Isoko land, the title is usually answered by top chiefs in urhobo land, thou this word has no origin from the Urhobo /isoko language.
Olorogun is a Yoruba word for Chief, it was imported into the urhobo culture by Olorogun Michael ibru, before now the urhobo usually don't use the title olorogun.
How it became accepted in Urhobo Land
Michael ibru was a popular man in urhobo land, and Nigeria as a whole, when he first answered the title "Olorogun" many chief saw it as something strange, but later on they started addressing themselves as Olorogun in place of chief, this was because michael ibru was seen as a great man in urhobo land so answering the same title with him was seen as a prestigious stuff forgetting the fact that it was not originally from urhobo.
I hope you learnt something new today, pardon my grammar.
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ @Efewestern I'm just seeing this post.
Olorogun was introduced by the Itsekiris [a subgroup of mainly Yoruba and some Edo ancestries] into Urhobo communities that were part of the trading empire of the Niger Delta merchant Prince Nana of Itsekiri or Nana Olomu who had many Urhobo wives.
Olorogun is derived from Olori Ogun [Head of Warriors or General]. Chief Felix Ibru did not introduce the Olorogun title to his community, but his community is one that has historical and trading ties with Itsekiriland.
There is a strong intermarriage between Itsekiris and Urhobos, so there is an intermingling of cultures because that part of Delta State is a melting pot of cultures.
RMD's father is Urhobo while his mother is Itsekiri. Prof. Itself Sagay is Itsekiri with an Urhobo mother, same too with the publisher of Vanguard, Chief Sam Amuka-Pemu and a lot more.
Olori is used in Itsekiri language to connote a head or leader. Olori also refers to the Queen or wife of the Olu of Warri just like it is pronounced in Yorubaland for the wives of Obas.
DNA tests clearly show that Itsekiris do have Yoruba ancestry.
Just go to Google and type Waphyguy, It will bring up the YouTube video of the DNAland DNA test that the Nigerian of Urhobo ancestry did [he has an Itsekiri mother]. The test shows that he has Edoid/Esan and Yoruboid/Itsekiri ancestry and the test is VERY accurate!
This shows that their is a common thread that connects Urhobos/Itsekiris/ Edos/Yorubas, etc, because they have become cousins through intermarriage especially at the core border areas.
Itsekiris, Ilajes, Ikales represent Eastern Yoruboid groups. Please note also that in the 1480s, Prince Ginuwa, the first son of the reigning Oba of Benin left with 70 of his men who represented the sons of the Oba's 70 chiefs, on exile and arrived at Ode-Itsekiri where he was well received by Lenuwa an Itsekiri of Ijebu descent and they eventually settled in the midst of the Itsekiris and Prince Ginuwa became the first Olu in the 1480s. They also married the Itsekiri women they met there, i.e., the 70 aides of Prince Ginuwa that followed him into exile. Ginuwa's mother was from Ife and was married to the Oba of Benin so Chief Lenuwa easily gave him recognition because of Ginuwa's royal status.
I have studied the very exciting history of the people of Delta State/Nigeria as a whole since the 80s and I'm humbled by the fact that we are closely related
ehikwe22: I implore you to stop using this term "Delta Ibos". There is nothing like Delta Igbos. We have our political name which is Anioma but apart from that, each of us have our closely related ethnicity and we agreed to merge it into a new identity called Anioma. I as an Ika man doesn't have anything to do with Igbo hence it's rude to refer me with anything Igbo. There are only few Anioma towns with Igbo ancestry and these few also have some little Edo migrants. I can trace my ancestry back from 600 years and they're all Edo names up to my father's name. My own name is strictly Ika name and has nothing to do with Igbo. I'm not here to write much but I'm sure you've taken note.
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Very interesting post @ehikwe I'm just seeing this post and love your response.
Anioma[An acronym] peoples have mixed ancestries just like you stated - from Bini like Idumuje-Unor or Idumuje-Ugboko where the CEO of Rainoil Ltd [Gabriel Ogbechie] come from, Esan, Yoruba/Olukumi's of Ugbodu where Nduka Ugbade hails from, Igala origin like Ebu, Nri,etc.
DNA TESTS are now available that can prove this e.g, from DNALAND and AFRICAN ANCESTY.
Asaba has mixed origins as well from what I have read since the 90s from Igala, Bini, Esan, Nteje, etc. That is why they have Ogbes or quarters there. Onitsha also has Edo, Igala and Nri origins.
Cire80: Igbanke is just one of the many Ika speaking communities in Edo State. Ikas exist in up to 3 local governments far deep into Edo. Although some of these communities are not really Ika people. Some are Esans and Binis that have adopted Ika as a second language.
Good thing he did that... at 52 years of age he is supposed to LEAD by example.
In the mean time, Lanre and Mercy Aigbe both need to go for anger therapy and emotional intelligence training with experts like Lanre Olusola and/or Innocent Usar.
There is nothing to be ashamed of. People are only interested in HOW they successfully resolve their issues in order to learn from them.
Success to both of them and to any couple going through these marital challenges that crop up from time to time. Marriage is NOT for kids but for mature people who are able to GIVE LOVE and RECEIVE LOVE!
SirJeffry: Is buhari not his mentor again? I'm not surprised. By the way, his name is longer than 3rd mainland bridge.
^^^^^^^^ Obama and GEJ also engaged in plagiarism.
It is so easy for a speech writers, journalists, students etc., to lift other people's works without giving due credit. Professional speech writers would always spice up their speeches with due credits. NOTHING wrong with that.
Tequilah: What happened to his descendants in Brazil? Are they still alive? Someone should really do a film or something on his life history.
^^^^^^^ @Tequilah
@salford1 might have a direct answer to YOUR question... but I think his descendants might be in the Bahia State which is the EPICENTER of Yoruba Descendants in Brazil where akara Ijesa and the Yoruba religion of Ifa are widely practised.
Candido DaRocha, the very wealthy Ijesha-Yoruba returnee from Brazil built a replica of the Water House located along Kakawa Street on Lagos Island, in Bahia, Brazil before 1900.
Some of Candido DaRocha's family are still living in Bahia till today. He had 2 family branches: the Nigerian branch and the Brazilian branch.
The founder of ADRAO International School in Victoria Island is his daughter.
Konquest: ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Seeing his picture just gives me goose pimples right now...
The kind of feeling I got seeing another photograph of Oluale, one of the people of Yoruba ancestry who was on board the last slave ship to sail into the Southern United States in 1860 shortly before the American Civil War started. The Yoruba traders were captured as prisoners of war and sold by the king of Dahomey along with a Fon nobleman, and some Tapas or Nupes and taken to Alabama.
At the end of the Civil War, they did not have money to go back to Africa and so they lived in Africa Town in Alabama.
I will attach Pa. Oluale's picture in his old age shortly after 1900. Their descendants still live in Alabama and other U.S. cities. A DNA test would further prove where they come from in Africa.
^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ UPDATE:
I have just attached the 1912 picture of Pa Oluale Kossola [who is also known as Charlie Lewis, the YORUBA man in Alabama who was taken as a captive from Dahomey to the Southern United States on board the CLOTILDA, the last slave ship or schooner to sail for the United States and arrived in Mobile, Alabama on Sunday July 8, 1860].
victorvezx: 95% of Nigerians have heard and know where Niger delta is. Whether igbos are there changes nothing. There are many tribes there too. It is very distinct from the south east.
South south is Edo, Rivers state, Delta state, Akwa ibom state, Bayelsa state, and cross river state. The real Niger Delta is Delta state, Akwa ibom state, Rivers state and Bayelsa.
Imo state, Ondo state and Abia state where only included in Niger delta by Obasanjo as oil producing states, they are not real Niger delta in the sense of it
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 99.99% of non-Ibos in the Old Eastern region never supported secession by Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu (rtd.) on May 30th, 1967.
No referendum was done and this is the same nonsense that Nnamdi and his goons are repeating again.
Philip Effiong did NOT have the mandate of his Ibibio people of present-day Akwa Ibom when he aligned with Ojukwu.
There was a COR [Calabar, Ogoja, Rivers] Movement which was formed before 1960 and they told the British to create a separate region for them because of a strongly perceived Ibo domination and finally succeeded when Chief Harold Dappa-Biriye, the foremost Ijaw Nationalist from Bonny Island and ex-Kings College graduate led a strong delegation including Ken Saro-Wiwa, the current king of Etcheland and other Rivers State leaders in 1966 to Gen. Gowon requesting for the creation of up to 12 states, and this was done on May 27, 1967.
Lagos State, Rivers State, South-Eastern State [Present-day Akwa Ibom and Cross Rivers], and 9 other states were created, but Ojukwu who was just 33 years rejected it and plunged his Ibo citizens and non-Ibos such as Ijaws, Ogonis, Efiks, Ibibios, Annangs, Ejegbams, Ikwerres, etc, into a NEEDLESS Civil War with the forceful conscription of non-Ibos who did NOT want to fight against Nigeria!
Since the early 80s, I have read several memoirs and books on the events leading right up to the Civil War of 1967 and the IBO's are not blameless - but thank goodness we have history to teach us lessons but Nnamdi Kanu has not learnt any lessons from Ojukwu's GRAVE mistakes because on June 1, 2017, he still in a deluded manner told a gathering that met him in his house that the Igalas of Kogi, Idomas and Igede people of Benue, the Urhobos, Isokos, Ogonis, Ijaws, Ibibios, Efiks, etc, are part of the so-called bia.fra.
Urhobos and Isokos are Edoid and during the Mid-West invasion in 1967 by the secessionists, Edoid groups and Itsekiris came under seige, including the carting away of some artifacts from the Palace of the Oba of Benin, but they fought back and many Mid-Westerners joined the Nigeria Army because of that.
Ojukwu read history in the university abroad but he did NOT learn from world history and military defeats at all! After being granted a Presidential pardon by former President Shagari in the early 1980s, he came back and collected his PENSION as a retired Lt. Colonel of the Nigerian Army after he had earlier been summarily dismissed in June 1967 from the Nigerian Army for mutiny. He allowed his Ego as a result of the 12 newly created states on May 27, 1967 to cause the death of several innocent Ibos and non-Ibos!
Studentcosmos: In a bid to get good grades and perform very well in our academics, students tend to go extra miles in this quest. It is quite interesting to note that our smartphones can also play a major role in our academics. With a lot of Apps out there -- Social Media, productivity, utility and a lot of others, it is advisable to know the best smartphone app for students that would ensure academic efficiency. A lot of Apps have been designed to help students study with ease and comfortablity and we would be looking at 10 smartphone apps every student must have:
1. DROPBOX: Dropbox is a home for all your photos, docs, videos, and files. Anything you add to Dropbox will automatically show up on all your computers, phones and even the Dropbox website — so you can access your stuff from anywhere. Dropbox also makes it super easy to share with your friends on campus, study partner, group partner and even your lecturer. This is one great smartphone App for students when it comes to safeguarding files and docs. Even if you accidentally spill coffee on your laptop, have no fear! Relax knowing that your stuff is safe in Dropbox and will never be lost.
2. MINT: When it comes to finance and money spending, students could be quite naive. The free Mint smartphone app for students helps you spend smarter and save more. Easily pull all your accounts, cards and investments into one place so you can track your spending, create a budget, receive bill reminders, and get customized tips for reducing fees and saving money. You can also check your credit score for free while learning how you can improve it.
3. EVERNOTE: With Evernote, all quotes, statistics and reference material pages are in one place, easily accessible and searchable by keywords, notebooks and tags. This is especially helpful when information could be coming from all sorts of places – the Web, handwritten notes, typed notes, and even photographs. You can do a whole lot of things which includes: Discussing your work with others, right within the app, sharing notebooks with other Evernote users, and if a file or note changes or gets updated, it automatically updates for everyone who has access to the notebook. What an awesome smartphone app for students which promotes tidiness and proper communication among group members.
4. MATHWAY: Got a tough algebra equation to solve, or a polynomial to factor? Having a difficult time with Calculus integrals and limits? Simply type your problem in (or point your phone camera and snap a pic!) to receive free instant answers. Mathway's problem solving engine answers Basic Math, Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, Finite Math, Linear Algebra, and Chemistry questions. In addition, Mathway's built-in graphing calculator provides detailed graphs to accompany your solutions. Mathway is a smartphone App for students, especially for those who want a maths problem solved in no time or those with phobia for calculation. It is an automated tutor that provides math homework help anywhere, anytime - no network access required!
5. COURSERA: Take courses from the best universities in the world from your Android phone! Coursera connects you with online courses from 115+ of the top universities and educational institutions in the world including Stanford, Yale, Princeton and others. Learn anytime, anywhere, in topics ranging from computer science to cooking and beyond. Browse over 1000 courses in more than 25 subject areas, from mathematics to music to medicine. Stream lecture videos online any time, or download for offline viewing. Quite an indispensable Smartphone App for students.
6. TODOIST: Manage your tasks from anywhere - even offline Add, complete, and re-schedule tasks from your phone, tablet, desktop, browser, email, smartwatch and more - even offline! Enjoy an automatic, 24/7 sync across all your devices. Plan ahead and never miss another deadline Keep track of your important deadlines with natural language due dates, start/end dates, and recurring due dates. View and organize your to-dos for the day or week ahead.
7. DICTIONARY.COM: This is a smartphone app for students which works offline – you do not need an internet connection. In addition to the trusted reference content from Dictionary.com and Thesaurus.com, this app includes: Word of the Day, Audio pronunciation, Voice search, Translator, Blog to explore over 800 fun language topics, Quiz widget to test your vocabulary with Word of the Day quizzes, Word origin, Favorite words and search history – never forget the words you learn, Spelling suggestions to get help with how words are spelled and so much more.
8. STUDIOUS: With Studious, your phone will never embarrass you in class again by going off. Forgetting about homework and tests will be a thing of the past. Some of its features include: Silencing your phone in class, Reminding you when homework and tests are due, Saving your notes and more.
9. ALDIKO BOOK READER: This is an E-library that puts thousands of books at your fingertip. The user friendly app allows you to arrange books on a shelf and even according to categories and authors. It Supports EPUB, PDF formats as well as Adobe DRM encrypted eBooks and eBooks from public libraries. it allows you adjust font size, font type, font and background colors, margin, alignment, line spacing as well as brightness to best suit your preference. Also, it allows you to import your own EPUB and PDF files into the app to read them on the go; organize your eBooks by tags and collections. Aldiko will also remember your reading position automatically, bring you back to where you left off.
10. CAMSCANNER: With Camscanner, you can Use your phone camera to scan receipts, notes, invoices, whiteboard discussions, business cards, certificates, etc. You can easily share docs in PDF or JPEG format with others via social media, email attachment or sending the doc link, Instantly print out docs in CamScanner with nearby printer and Invite friends or colleagues to view and comment on your scans in a group. (Registrants only). So with Camscanner smartphone app for students, you can hurriedly snap your mates' jottings and have it on your smartphone instantly.
DabELLs: WHERE IS THE VIDEO OF HIM SAYING THAT AND HOW IS MICHEAL A MUSLIM NAME...
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ @DabELLs
A quick Internet search would help you get ANY past and present online video via YouTube for instance.
Google Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale. Both of them are British-born Muslim converts to the radical strain of Islam. These guys have never been to Nigeria and are purely British! Anthony Olaseni Joshua who is the current WBA Heavyweight Champion of the world is even more in contact with Nigeria haven visited only twice, even though he is British-born as well with a strong British accent and some "die die" or little little understanding of Yoruba!
To get the video of the knife attack on the British officer on 22nd of May 2013 in Woolich, London NOW:
salford1: Candido da Fonseca Galvao, the Yoruba Prince of Brazil. Candido da Fonseca Galvao ( Sheets , 1845 – 1890 ) was a military officer in Brazil.
Candido da Fonseca Galvao was probably a son or grandson of Yoruba King Abiodun of Oyo Empire in the area now known as South West, Nigeria. He was recognized as a foreign sovereign by the Brazilian monarchy, and was known as Dom Oba II d’Africa, or simply Dom Oba.
Originally sold into slavery, he however, exemplified the type of free men of African descent who lived in and contributed to Brazil. A royal prince with bloodline from Yorubaland; on a quest for adventure.
He voluntarily enlisted to fight in the War of Paraguay and due to his great bravery and outstanding martial skills he was awarded an honorary officer of the Brazilian army.
After the war, he settled in Rio de Janeiro, becoming a legendary figure of folkloric proportions. He was revered and adored as a royal prince by the millions of African Brazilians of his time. He was an inspiration, a leader and a father figure for those very African Brazilians in their struggle to live with dignity, to establish fairness in a prejudiced Brazil. Dom Oba was a personal friend of the Emperor D. Pedro II whom he regularly visited in his court each year, and where he was received with all full honours due to a sovereign dignitary.
He was also a committed abolitionist and began a campaign to combat racism.
He was a monarchist in his political outlook. Thus, with the fall of the Empire in 1889 he fell out of favour with the republicans because of his monarchist sentiments. He died soon after in July 1890.
# Copied from Proudly Yoruba
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Seeing his picture just gives me goose pimples right now...
The kind of feeling I got seeing another photograph of Oluale, one of the people of Yoruba ancestry who was on board the last slave ship to sail into the Southern United States in 1860 shortly before the American Civil War started. The Yoruba traders were captured as prisoners of war and sold by the king of Dahomey along with a Fon nobleman, and some Tapas or Nupes and taken to Alabama.
At the end of the Civil War, they did not have money to go back to Africa and so they lived in Africa Town in Alabama.
I will attach Pa. Oluale's picture in his old age shortly after 1900. Their descendants still live in Alabamaand other U.S. cities. A DNA test would further prove where they come from in Africa.
^^^^^^^^^^^ UPDATE:
I have just attached the 1912 picture of Pa Oluale Kossola [who is also known as Charlie Lewis, the YORUBA man in Alabama who was taken as a captive from Dahomey to the Southern United States on board the CLOTILDA, the last slave ship or schooner to sail for the United States and arrived in Mobile, Alabama on Sunday July 8, 1860].
calliope: I have experienced tribalism from Igbos in Igboland, that I'm becoming abit tribalisticIt wasn't until I came down to Enugu that I realised that you were firstly from your State (or even a particular region of your state), then Igbo. I didn't even know that the dialects differed greatly. The food too. My people (my own side of eungu State) do put cocoyam in soup. Okpa, Abacha and ofe-akwu are our food. We call oil bean seed (or whatever it is called) ukpaka, not ugba like the abians. We serve guests Abacha not okapa. So, I've realised that Igbo is not Igbo. Igbo is fractionated. That's why my mom would still get really mad at me if i bring someone from another Southeastern State home. parents still complain about the character of 'Ndi Anambra' (or another southeastern state). That's why when you tell an Igbo man that someone is your sister, he'd ask, "is she from enugu too?" or you will hear some thing like "you are behaving like Ndi Abakaliki (or Nsukka or any other place)" is seen as a derogatory statement. i've met people that just disliked me because of my state of origin. I think 'hated' is more apt than 'disliked'. Full blown hatred.. Like racists or something! I've heard things like " Imo people are.... bad" And "Abia and Imo are the same" in a negative context. i feel your pain sis... we all share a quarter in dis institutionalize phobia and hate amidst ibo people.
^^^^^^ Very interesting post... deeply profound too...!
salford1: Candido da Fonseca Galvao, the Yoruba Prince of Brazil. Candido da Fonseca Galvao ( Sheets , 1845 – 1890 ) was a military officer in Brazil.
Candido da Fonseca Galvao was probably a son or grandson of Yoruba King Abiodun of Oyo Empire in the area now known as South West, Nigeria. He was recognized as a foreign sovereign by the Brazilian monarchy, and was known as Dom Oba II d’Africa, or simply Dom Oba.
Originally sold into slavery, he however, exemplified the type of free men of African descent who lived in and contributed to Brazil. A royal prince with bloodline from Yorubaland; on a quest for adventure. He voluntarily enlisted to fight in the War of Paraguay and due to his great bravery and outstanding martial skills he was awarded an honorary officer of the Brazilian army.
After the war, he settled in Rio de Janeiro, becoming a legendary figure of folkloric proportions. He was revered and adored as a royal prince by the millions of African Brazilians of his time. He was an inspiration, a leader and a father figure for those very African Brazilians in their struggle to live with dignity, to establish fairness in a prejudiced Brazil. Dom Oba was a personal friend of the Emperor D. Pedro II whom he regularly visited in his court each year, and where he was received with all full honours due to a sovereign dignitary.
He was also a committed abolitionist and began a campaign to combat racism.
He was a monarchist in his political outlook. Thus, with the fall of the Empire in 1889 he fell out of favour with the republicans because of his monarchist sentiments. He died soon after in July 1890. # Copied from Proudly Yoruba
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^
@Salford1
This is an insightful post.
I've never read about our prince before now despite reading a lot of Diasporan [Black Cuban, Brazilian, Venezuelan, Sierra Leonian, etc,] history since the early 80s.
Did you know that the wealthy Yoruba Brazilian returnee from Bahia in Brazil by the name Candido Da Rocha was of Ijesa ancestry and he built an exact replica of his Lagos Island mansion known as the Water House on Kakawa Street in Bahia as well?
His daughter was the founder of ADRAO International school on Victoria Island. Akara Ijesa is still eaten with relish in Bahia and the Yoruba religion is the only significant African religion that madeit to the Americas and it is a World Religion today.
British-born Michael Adebolajo has always had that intense charisma and the gift-of-the-garb.
When he was shown in the video after he stabbed the fine white British officer, he was saying "Bring back our boys. Infidels have invaded our lands [Afghanistan and other Muslim lands].
I always knew it would come to this issue of him radicalizing fellow prisoners if he is NOT separated from the rest... but what were the British prison officials looking at?
I'm sure he must have radicalized some of those prison officials as well so all of them should be debriefed ASAP!
bqlekan: this is not a fair comparison, UC MINI VS OPERA MINI or UC BROWSER VS OPERA BROWSER would have been better.
For the low budget data users, i think opera mini suits them, slow download speed, it wont play gif or flv files on web page too. Its good for surfing and it is fast.
For the high budget data users, i think UC BROWSER is a beast, same as UC MINI, incredible download speed, if you get your settings right, no truncating of web pages, browser doesn't need to reload on every drop down box you select. But it eats data. for me, i download alot and i use both UC MINI AND UC BROWSER, and OPERA MINI when on low budget. my ucmini downloads at a massive 51mbps
marvelling: A short term memory is one that retains a small information for a little period of time, usually in order of seconds (if not rehearsed).When rehearsed, the information is transferred to the long term memory which has an indefinite storage capacity. With the exception of Anterograde amnesia where the patient has the inability to store new facts in the long term memory, every normal human being has the same storage capacity. Yes! You can store as much information as you want and also be able to recall them.
Studying is a game of the mind and therefore should be done when the mind is adequately rested and concentrated on the topic you intend to study on. When something not related to the topic comes to mind,you tend to loose focus. Hence,before you study get rid of all sorts of distraction E.g television,cell phone etc.
If it's a class study, then stay away from those who will draw your attention away from what is going on. Research have also noted that individuals who study in a quiet environment are more likely to recall what they have studied. Therefore,it is advisable to choose an unexposed, quiet place as your study center.
Do not study when you're under stress or you may doze off with your heads faced down in your book. Trying to store a lot of information in the long term memory at the same time might be the reason why you end up remembering none.
Study gradually and isolate the main points from your study material. Note that it is not the volume of material covered that really matters, but how thoroughly you're able to cover it. If you feel tired at some point, then take a break, cool off and get back to study when you're set.
If you're the teacher,then we advice you figure out when your students have reached their elastic limit.Else,you'll be pouring water on a duck's back.
Considering other information related to the topic gives you a wider knowledge. For instance, you might come across the term 'budgeting' while studying a topic 'financial education'. Seeking more information about this term will give the person wider knowledge of what financial education really is and can also serve as basis to remember what is studied. Set limits too with regards to additional information you will be hunting for or you will deviate from your study topic along the way.
Ever heard the saying that a short pen is better than a long memory? Yeah it's true, but you gain even more by having both (short pen and long memory). Writing down what you are studying, goes a long way in helping you recall. What is contained in a line of what you have written down, can help you remember tonnes of other information. Illustrations can help you recall more quickly than anything you can think of. Therefore as you study, create fitting examples in your minds eye for each main point in your study material.
You could create a vivid picture of accident scenes in your mind while studying the topic 'First Aid' to enable you understand better which first aid procedure applies to different accident cases.
Teachers have confirmed that when a student is made to go through the same lesson over and over again, the information is stored in the long term memory and is difficult to forget. Immerse yourself in the information you want to store ,by spending ample time with it. Do not only read or say the exact words (cramming).If you can, rewrite the same idea in your own words and study it. Thus, you become the original source of the idea,making it difficult to forget.
This is a trial version of how efficiently you can recall what you have studied. Teaching someone else (perhaps a junior) from what you studied also heightens your knowledge on the topic. Urge your student(s) to ask you questions while you try to give them satisfying answers.
Studying becomes more interesting and worthwhile when you improve your powers to store and recall what you have studied. We are confident that following these steps can help you achieve this. Anything we missed? Use the comments section
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ Great post @OP
You can also check YouTube for some useful videos on how to remember things or to have retentive memory...
omosefeeguaibor: Hello! Nlanders, i feel I should share one of my greatest experience while I was in school as regards academic.
4years ago, I got the best news of my life when I was told I've been admitted into the university of my choice, I was so happy that I was carried away with the joy of being an undergraduate. I got advice from family and folks alike, but little did I know I was going to a world of absolute independence, where no one was going to ask you why or not you don't come for classes.
Indeed to an extent I can say I'm a B+ student, and with that thought I was good to go, I really was not so carried away with life on campus, I had fun when I ought to, and also studied when I should.
Fast forward to first semester exam, I did my best with the thought that at the end of my 1st semester exams my department was going to keep my results. As soon as first semester result was pasted on the board, I checked mine it was an ok grade told myself there was still room to do better. little did I know that I was suppose to get a good book, where I ought to record all these results that were pasted on the board, and I was nonchalant about it, until I got to my final year, there and then I noticed that all my results have been posted online, from year 1 to 4 in my academic account. And it was absolutely different from what I have been seeing with my eyes. I tried to rectify this error, and I was told to bring all the grades I have seen on the board, which was absolutely impossible because I did not have it on record, secondly, university is not like secondary school, where your subject teacher has that time to start looking for your results. The final grading I had online was a far cry from what I aimed for, it took lot of letters, and knocking from one lecturer's door, to another to get my accurate details, which was a herculean task. I was in school for months, when most of my colleagues were basking in the euphoria of being a graduate.
But at the end of it all and with God on by side my results were rectified, my HOD had to open my details from first year and it was discovered that there was a mistake while updating my results online.
In summary to all I've said, I would implore fresh students coming in, to have a book to write down details of your results. Nobody told me this, but experience taught me in the hardest of way. Thank God it wasn't worse and I'm smiling over it today.
^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ @Omosefeeguaibor
I'm just seeing this post and you did well by informing freshers about these mixups that happen occasionally in some higher institutions.
I'm surprised that this still happens despite the pervasiveness of advanced ICT tools such as cloud computing for offshore data storage.
This happened years back when I was in a Federal University to some people and your advice should be well noted so they don't spend an extra semester or year before going for the national service and start blaming God or their ancestors for the "bad luck."
P.S: By the way, I love the way YOU write in a neat and lucid manner with no typographic errors! It shows you are the type of person who pays attention to little details.
decub: I actually started hearing this from childhood back in the days in the East. When I gained admission, I decided to experience things myself. I had a lodgemate from Mbaise whom I experienced this with, I also had a very good friend, quite older than myself(over 10yrs) who is from Isiala Ngwa-at least, you can place the 2 regions and understand what I mean if you know the origin of both as believed by many.
I decided to try out this Mbaise guy on what is believed to be the character of an average Mbaise guy and I can tell you, the guy is a direct opposite of what people believe of Mbaise ppl. He is so liberal, generous, accommodating, non self centered and takes everyone as a friend. One day, I called this my friend and told him about my discoveries and he said I should ask this guy where he was born and bred(Port Harcourt). What I deduced was that environmental influence could have played a very big role but at least, I took something home; certain people are not as black as we paint them.
Yet another time, during my finals, I met another whom I found difficult to believe she is from this region(though trained in Lagos) cos of her character and when I told this my friend, he gave me another reason; that it's because this one wasn't trained at home too.
I didn't stop there and upon graduation, I ran into one one day during our CDS and was glad he was bred at home, as a matter of fact, everything about him is Mbaise. All his words are full of proverbs and adage, even that accent was there. We became acquaintances and at a point, I started getting closer to him to clear that doubt. Though he is not as bad as certain people would paint them, but I experienced some degree of tricks and crafty characters in him. He always wants to be in an advantaged position. Always bent on playing on your intelligence and wouldn't want to get a lesser dose even when it is sacrificial for him to do so.
My conclusion about them, having met some others thereafter is that: an average Mbaise have that trait in him or her even though there are exceptions.
It's not peculiar to Mbaise, other tribes or regions have things they are known for.
On the snake thing, I heard it has to do with being crafty and the tendency to easily outsmart you. Those who know about the story said it started with The late "Dr Sir Warrior" when some deal turned sour.
^^^^^^^^^ Your post got me laughing in some paragraphs...
ebonflexy: Look, character has nothing to do with it. It's all about the wallet. Getting married to an Mbaise girl, will bankrupt any young man (especially if he is considered an outsider). Ain't nobody got time for that in this day and age, but traditionalists will never learn.
Your village people no dey carry last when it comes to CHOPPING pesin and using his money to open several shops all because he wants to marry a young woman from their area.
The sad thing also is that, there is very little the girl's immediate family can do....no matter how 'toosh' they are. SOMEBODY must sort your greedy village people, and they don't care who.
If you haven't seen greed before, wait until you see your uncles and aunties dragging about how much they want to sell you for when that time comes.
^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ Interesting post... Mbaise is where Dr. Roger Stewart a British Colonial medical doctor was killed in 1905 around the Onicha Ezinaihite axis and he was EATEN after being killed and his bicycle was HUNG or tied to a tree to prevent it from RUNNING away!
This event is well recorded in the British official documents and Sir Allan Burns, the Substantive Governor General of Nigeria clearly indicated this in his book "The History of Nigeria" where he indicated that Ibos were much addicted to CANNIBALISM, even well past 1900. Even Chinua Achebe wrote this account in his Things Fall Apart but did not mention how the white man [Dr. Stewart] was killed and eaten.
This led to a punitive expedition against Mbaise by the British in 1906 over Dr. Rogers Stewart's killing. This is part of the reasons Mbaise may be facing some discrimination.
But I have met some intelligent Mbaise people while living in PH. Need I say that Genevieve Nnaji and the delectable Rita Dominic have their roots from there!
Techpaded: Why You Shouldn't Patronise SecondHand Devices
1. Theft: A rainy night in delta state, theives gained entrance into this guy's house - took his money & phones! Once they unlock the phones, what next? Sell it. You might be using a stolen phone and you don't know, you might be arrested and you won't know.
2. No Guarantee, No Warranty: Secondhand phone buyers don't have any guarantee that what they want to buy is in good condition. Neither do they have warranty incase of damages! Once you buy, you bye !
3. You May Spend More on Repairs: After discovering numbers of faults, or you decide to repackage the phone (buy earphone, change casing, screen guard etc) the money you'll spend on repairs & repackaging may be more than the amount you bought the phone. But when you buy new and unused phones, warranty will speak for you!
4. No Receipt: Nowadays, highway search police asks for receipt of ordinary earphones, talkless of phones. Since secondhand sellers don't issue receipts, it might be a problem if you're called upon to provide evidence of ownership of the phone.
5. No Freebies/ Gifts: Unlike some new phones which may come with free memory cards, powerbanks, selfie stick etc. Secondhand items has no provision for that. The highest they can offer is free earphone!
6. Waste of Money: For the extremely unlucky secondhand phone buyers who buys phones which has been certified dead - infact buried, - you get this depression & pain inside of you, telling you everyday that "bros, you just waisted your money o"
^^^^^^^ Well said... Some so-called U.K used phones are actually stolen in Naija and then sold by people who are known as fences in the so-called computer village at give-away prices.
If a phone is eventually tracked to you after being stolen in a brutal armed robbery attack, you will have to explain yourself to the police properly... on the other hand, if you MUST buy such used phones, make sure YOU collect the persons direct phone numbers and receipt with address if it is got from a store.
Be prepared to forfeit the phone without getting any money back as refund once you are able to prove yourself to the police like one woman who is based in Lagos State did when a stolen phone she bought at Computer Village store was traced to her after a year of use. She had to trick the guy who sold it to her to come to her house and the police swooped on the man who himself thought he was selling U.K used phones. ;DD
The so-called U.K used phone of high quality was actually STOLEN in Ibadan by ARMED ROBBERS - as reported by Saturday Punch sometime in late 2016!
A cold chill instantly ran through my spine when I read that article in Saturday Punch.
Techpaded: Though a lot of users have previously been sharing files on WhatsApp, but not all formats are officially supported (like apk), except with the help of third-party apps. But the good news is the situation might change sooner rather than later.
This newly upgraded file sharing feature will allow you to send any type of files to your WhatsApp contact. However, users are permitted to share a maximum file size of 100MB (Android), 128MB (iOS) or 64MB (desktop).
Properties › Re: How To Prevent Your Prepaid Electricity Meter Card From Running Out Fast by Konquest: 11:53pm On Jul 06, 2017
and I heard a familiar noise tho 
AND HOW IS MICHEAL A MUSLIM NAME...
i've met people that just disliked me because of my state of origin. I think 'hated' is more apt than 'disliked'. Full blown hatred.. Like racists or something!